© Lloyd

1. THE PHOTONIC CHARGE FIELD
   http://milesmathis.com/charge2.html - (What is "Charge"?)
2. To explain the force between the electron and proton, the standard model now makes use of the "messenger photon," a so-called virtual particle that is made doubly virtual by always being "summed over" in a Feynmanian sense.
3. This allows the standard model to have a force with no energy transfer.
4. Physicists must be aware that you can't have forces without masses or energies, or the equivalent, but they also know that giving the charge field mass or energy of its own [would mean] quanta [matter?] must be radiating energy.
5. If they radiate it, they lose it.
6. The key to unlocking this mystery is contained in the realization that the idea of attraction is non-mechanical.
7. This [means] [] All attractions must be only apparent--the result of complex motions.
8. [W]e can now re-define the charge field as a bombarding field only. It is always repulsive; never attractive.
9. It is caused by radiation of these messenger photons, which I am going to re-dub B-photons (for bombarding photons).
10. The repulsion is caused by an old-fashioned force by contact.
11. Of course this means that the B-photons are not virtual: they have energy, mass equivalence, and even radius.
12. The other thing that my unified field allows us to do is discover the gravitational field at the quantum level.
13. These two fields allow us to explain charge mechanically because they are in vector opposition.
14. Gravity causes an apparent attraction and the B-field causes real repulsion.
15. What we have is a small electron and a large proton (to simplify).
16. Both are radiating B-photons.
17. Let us say that the radiation from the electron is relatively negligible, so that we can look only at the radiation from the proton.
18. The proton is emitting a bombarding field that tends to drive off all particles that come near.
19. But it will drive off larger particles more successfully than smaller particles, since the smaller particles will encounter a smaller cross-section of the field.
20. Also remember that any other proton that enters the field of our first proton will also be emitting its own B-field.
21. [W]e have not brought the newly upgraded gravitational field into the mix.
22. This field is going to cause an apparent attraction to all particles, just like the traditional field.
23. What about current in a wire?
24. Free electrons travel at high speed in a conducting wire [LK: I think they travel at very low speed], or any conductor, because the B-field is moving in only one direction in that substance.
25. The B-field acts as a river, moving the electrons along by direct contact.
26. This B-field river can be created in any number of ways, either by having lots of radiating particles at one end of the wire and few or none at the other, or by directionalizing the B-field through the shape of the molecules in the substance.
27. http://milesmathis.com/spin.pdf (GALACTIC PROOF of my QUANTUM SPIN MODEL)
28. Charge is photons, E/M is ions.
29. In other words, spinning photons in huge numbers cause ions to spin.
30. But when we measure the E/M field, we are measuring the spin of the ions, not the photons.
31. The photons are too small for our machines to measure directly, and we only infer the spin of the photons based on the spin of the ions.
32. GYRO-STACKED PHOTON SPINS
    PHOTON SPIN, ANTIMATTER, MAGNETISM
    http://milesmathis.com/charge.html (Electrical Charge)
33. [Regarding] spin of the elementary particles in the repulsing objects, [] spin causes the ejection or radiation.
34. Charge is the mass or momentum of the ejected gas or radiation [of photons].
35. http://milesmathis.com/stack.html (HOW TO BUILD A NUCLEUS without a Strong Force)
36. The first postulate is that the E/M field is caused by an emission field.
37. Protons must be emitting something in order to create the repulsion.
38. The second postulate is that quanta are spinning.
39. [B]aryons (protons and neutrons) have four stacked spins.
40. It is these spins which will allow me to build the nucleus without the strong force.
41. To begin, we will look only at the outer or z-spin of the baryon.
42. The proton and neutron are both spinning, and since they are approximately the same size, their z-spins will have approximately the same angular momentum.
43. What makes the two particles so different is that the proton is emitting a charge field and the neutron is not.
44. The neutron is swallowing its charge field, since the photons cannot navigate [or exit] the maze of spins.
45. The four spins of the neutron bring the photons back to the center, while the four spins of the proton allow the photons to escape.
46. I have diagrammed this in previous papers.
47. What this means for our analysis here is that the proton must be treated as an extended particle, while the neutron is treated as a discrete particle.
48. In other words, in this first part of the analysis, the neutron is treated mainly as a z-spin, while the proton is treated as a z-spin plus the shell of emitted photons.
49. http://milesmathis.com/elecpro.html (Unifying the Electron and Proton)
50. [L]ight motion and interaction could be explained by stacked spins, each spin outside the gyroscopic influence of inner spins.
51. I showed the existence of four spins, of relative size 1,2,4, and 8, each orthogonal to neighboring spins.
52. In other words, most photons are spinning every way they can spin, axially and in the x, y, and z planes.
53. In my paper on QCD, I applied this to baryons, showing that baryons also had all possible spins.
54. In that paper I unified the proton and the neutron, showing that the difference between the two is only a difference in z-spin.
55. We may [] deduce that the electron at rest is spinning only about its own axis.
56. An electron with all possible stable spins is a proton, anti-proton, or neutron.
57. An electron with no z-spin is a meson.
58. [T]he wave characteristic of matter and of light is caused by stacked spins.
59. http://milesmathis.com/elecpro.html (Unifying the Electron and Proton)
60. The electron must be moving to express a wave [and] it must have a second spin [] from collision, we assume.
61. And this second spin will add to the energy and therefore the apparent mass of the electron.
62. A moving electron will become a sort of stable meson.
63. It is primarily gaining energy from x-spin.
64. http://milesmathis.com/photon.html (Unifying the Photon with other quanta)
65. The [photon] mass should be proportional to the energy, but the energy is determined by both a and x-spins.
66. The a-spin corresponds to the radius, but the x-spin is twice the a-spin.
67. [T]he photon is two full levels below the electron and three levels below the proton.
68. As the photon gather[s] spins, it stops acting like a simple particle with linear motion and starts acting like a little engine.
69. The spins allow it to trap other photons.
70. Specifically, the z-spin is orthogonal to the linear motion, which allows it to act like a scoop or an intake valve.
71. Photons with only axial spin cannot resist this intake, and they are temporarily absorbed by the photon with z-spin.
72. Intake of small photons begins to slow the large photon and it begins to turn into an electron.
73. It gains mass and loses velocity.
74. At some point it takes its fill of small photons and they start to spill out once more.
75. This photon exhaust of this little engine is what we call charge.
76. If you have enough of this exhaust, it begins to directionalize the residual photon wind, and this photon wind is what we call electricity.
77. The spin of the photon wind is what we call magnetism.
78. HOW PHOTONS TRAVEL
    http://milesmathis.com/photon2.html (HOW DO PHOTONS TRAVEL?)
79. Even if the photon were spinning at velocity c, one rotation must take some real time.
80. While the surface of the photon is spinning, the photon as a whole is moving some linear distance x.
81. [T]he velocity stretch[es] out the wavelength[.]
82. [W]e developed the at-rest wavelength from the B-photon and the moving wavelength from the infrared photon.
83. We may assume that the infrared photon is about 4 times larger than our B-photon.
84. [T]he small mass of the photon allows it to stack spins over a wide range of radii.
85. The proton cannot add extra spins above the z-spin without creating instability.
86. This is why "mesons" over the baryon size are not stable.
87. The extra spins begin interfering with the energy of the inner spins.
88. But with the photon [e]xtra spin levels do not cause appreciable slowing, nor [] instability.
89. In other words, we find spins of a1, x1, y1, z1 and a2, x2, y2, z2 and a3, x3, y3, z3 and so on.
90. >>>LK: a1 makes sense, but a2, a3 etc don't.
91. This means that photons do not come in a continuous spectrum.
92. If we measure light with an average wavelength in between those numbers, we must have a mixture of photons.
93. ATOMIC FORCES
    http://milesmathis.com/waals.pdf (Replacing van der Waals Forces with the Charge Field)
94. [Fudging of] the ideal gas laws [] to match data at [] (STP) [and then] a wider range of temperatures [] is where we get Keesom forces, Debye forces, the London dispersion force, and a host of other[s].
95. [Even though much of new physics is statistical, they always forget to apply probabilities to their confirmations, by asking themselves if the standing interpretation is the most probable match to the new direct measurement.]
96. We have never been told exactly how the Pauli Exclusion Principle prevents the collapse of molecules.
97. The electron simply doesn't have the energy to repel incoming molecules.
98. [I]t isn't tiny electrons that provide this molecular exclusion, [but] the [photonic] charge field.
99. The nucleus is emitting a heavy charge field of real photons, and these photons repel large intruders like molecules.
100. [E]lectron orbital bonding was dead on arrival, contradicting its own field definitions [and] van der Waals forces are all DOA for the same reason.
101. [T]here [are] no electron bonds, no electron orbitals, no PEP, and no electron wavefunction.
102. [T]he wavefunction has to be given to the photons, not the electrons [].
103. [T]he charge field is actually Maxwell's displacement field, which underlies and drives the E/M field.
104. Keesom forces are always charge forces, whether [] dealing with ions or not.
105. The multipole interactions prove that, since [] they [] match the charge profile of my diagrammed nucleus, which is taking in charge at the poles and emitting it via the [four-pointed] carousel level, [] a sort of quadrapole.
106. In many cases, that will give us [] a hexapole.
107. [] Debye force [] is defined as an attraction between a permanent multipole on one molecule and an induced multipole on another.
108. [T]hey [wrongly] explain the polar nature of the molecules in terms of electrons being attracted or repelled by ends of a molecule.
109. Molecules are more charge balanced than ions or even elements, but they still have field potentials.
110. Current theory is correct in its explanation of induced poles, since one molecule can indeed induce field changes upon another molecule.
111. But this is done through the already existing charge channels.
112. These existing charge channels are natural outcomes of the nuclear structure, and cannot be induced past a certain point; but as we saw in bonding of elements, one element certainly can influence the structure of another.
113. [] London dispersion forces [] (LDF) were thought to be necessary to explain molecules without permanent multipole moments.
114. However, [] every element is polar [and] every molecule must be as well.
115. [Each particle is constantly spinning and so is each atom, so unbalanced proton/neutron structures are unstable.]
116. Argon has a weak charge field, not a zero charge field.
117. We now know this is true of the noble gasses, since we have recently manufactured compounds with them.
118. BLACK-BODY RADIATION
     http://milesmathis.com/bbody.pdf (Black-body Radiation is the Charge Field)
119. [A]ll of quantum mechanics was based on quantum energy steps on the electron when it should have been based on a quantized photon.
120. [B]lack-body radiation [] has always been known to be photonic.
121. If we take G as the size transform between the two fields [gravity and charge] — taking the volume of one down to the density of the other — we find that the charge photon must peak at a size G times less than the proton.
122. A simple calculation then shows that average charge photon is in the infrared, with a wavelength of about 2 μm.
123. Amazingly, this is where black-body radiation also peaks.
124. Since baryonic matter is taking up 5% of the energy field, that 5% isn't available to be recycled.
125. So a real body can't be a perfect black body [and] real radiation hits a limit at 95%.
126. Soil [] that exceeds .95 is soil still in the ground, and the IR thermometer is of course pointing down to the Earth to take the reading.
127. [T]hat must skew the measurement, since charge is coming out of the Earth.
128. [V]ery hot bodies peak in the visible [because] particles stack on new spins at higher energies.
129. [A]t a given charge energy level, the charge photons will stack on another spin, becoming more energetic.
130. They each then have more radius, more angular momentum, and [] move up the energy scale [] from IR to visible.
131. Black-body radiation is defined as E/M radiation that was converted from thermal energy.
132. But [b]lack-body radiation is not E/M radiation [but] photonic radiation, as I reminded you above.
133. [] I have shown that heat and thermal energy are also photonic.
134. Heat comes into a body from the outside, via the charge field.
135. The body then re-emits a part of this excess energy in the light spectrum, which is also charge.
136. Heat may be carrying ions, since charge normally does.
137. The Draper point [is the] temperature at which the charge photons stack on another spin.
138. You can [] see clear evidence of this from the colors at higher temperatures.
139. Black-body radiation doesn't move continuously through the visible band, giving us yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple.
140. Instead, it jumps from IR to red to white, with only a mix of red and white between.
141. [By] current theory, we would expect the peak to move above the visible.
142. [T]he IR photon has stacked on four spins.
143. It can stack on a fifth, but at that point [] the photon becomes an electron.
144. [It]s drop in velocity prevents the radiation peak from continuing to climb.
145. If [there were] orbiting electrons [] involved in this quantization, we should see the elemental and orbital energy signatures. But we don't.
146. [B]lack-body emission follows pretty much the same curve for all elements or substances, which is strong evidence the electrons are not involved.
147. This is precisely why they tell you that a black-body cavity can be taken as a photon gas.
148. No orbiting electrons in a photon gas [].