© Lloyd

1. http://milesmathis.com/charge2.html - (What is "Charge"?)
2. For more than two centuries now, since the time of Franklin, charge has defined the electrical force, and for just as long it has come in two forms: positive and negative.
3. To explain the force between the electron and proton, the standard model now makes use of the "messenger photon," a so-called virtual particle that is made doubly virtual by always being "summed over" in a Feynmanian sense.
4. This allows the standard model to have a force with no energy transfer.
5. Physicists must be aware that you can't have forces without masses or energies, or the equivalent, but they also know that giving the charge field mass or energy of its own [], then quanta must be radiating energy.
6. If they radiate it, they lose it.
7. QED and QCD can't explain this loss of energy, and don't want to [], so they ignore it.
8. The key to unlocking this mystery is contained in the realization that the idea of attraction is non-mechanical.
9. Newton's friend Jonathan Swift knew this centuries ago.
10. This [means] [] All attractions must be only apparent--the result of complex motions.
11. The pluses and minuses of E/M theory are not only empty attributes, they are impossible attributes.
12. The gravitational field has also historically been defined as an attraction, and it turns out that the gravitational field has been hiding at the quantum level as well.
13. The way that all this impacts the problem of charge is that we can now re-define the charge field as a bombarding field only.
14. It is always repulsive; never attractive.
15. It is caused by radiation of these messenger photons, which I am going to re-dub B-photons (for bombarding photons).
16. The repulsion is caused by an old-fashioned force by contact.
17. Of course this means that the B-photons are not virtual: they have energy, mass equivalence, and even radius.
18. The other thing that my unified field allows us to do is discover the gravitational field at the quantum level.
19. These two fields allow us to explain charge mechanically because they are in vector opposition.
20. Gravity causes an apparent attraction and the B-field causes real repulsion.
21. This field differential is true at all levels of size, quantum and cosmic.
22. The math is unchanged, including most final equations of General Relativity; but we replace curvature with expansion [expansion equivalence, i.e. centrifugal force via universal spin].
23. According to my re-expansion of Newton's equation, we now have a compound field at the quantum level, with the two fields in vector opposition.
24. How does this solve the charge problem?
25. It solves it quite easily, since we can now create opposite potentials simply by size differentials.
26. What we have is a small electron and a large proton (to simplify).
27. Both are radiating B-photons.
28. Let us say that the radiation from the electron is relatively negligible, so that we can look only at the radiation from the proton.
29. The proton is emitting a bombarding field that tends to drive off all particles that come near.
30. But it will drive off larger particles more successfully than smaller particles, since the smaller particles will encounter a smaller cross-section of the field.
31. Because the field is a field of discrete particles, a small enough electron could actually dodge the field almost entirely.
32. But we will not imagine the electron is that small.
33. We assume, for now, that it is much larger than the B-photon, and cannot dodge the field.
34. Also remember that any other proton that enters the field of our first proton will also be emitting its own B-field.
35. These fields may interfere to some extent, but we would still expect the combined field to be more repulsive than either field taken alone.
36. This must mean that any protons will be driven away from each other much faster than an electron will be driven away.
37. You will say that we still have repulsion of both the electron and the proton, but we have not brought the newly upgraded gravitational field into the mix.
38. This field is going to cause an apparent attraction to all particles, just like the traditional field.
39. All particles are going to appear to "fall" toward our gravitating proton, and they are all going to fall at the same rate.
40. Standard gravity theory, so far.
41. But let us use Einstein's equivalence principle to reverse only our terminology.
42. Instead of saying that all objects are falling toward our proton, we say that our proton is chasing all objects at the same rate.
43. An acceleration in one direction is equal to an acceleration in the other direction, in a rectilinear field.
44. So, in order to explain both positive charge and negative charge, we only have to propose that the proton is chasing the electron fast enough to catch it, but not fast enough to catch the proton.
45. This gives us an apparent attraction of one, and an apparent repulsion of the other.
46. Another way to state this is to give numbers to the two repulsions.
47. Say the repulsion of proton by proton by the B-field causes an acceleration of 10.
48. And say that the repulsion of electron by proton by the B-field causes an acceleration of 2.
49. All we have to propose is that our central proton is accelerating gravitationally at a rate greater than 2 and less than 5.
50. Anywhere in that gap, we will see repulsion of the two protons and an attraction of the electron.
51. That is the simple mechanical explanation of charge.
52. What about current in a wire?
53. You will ask how my theory explains that. Again, quite easily.
54. Free electrons travel at high speed in a conducting wire [LK: I think they travel at very low speed], or any conductor, because the B-field is moving in only one direction in that substance.
55. The B-field acts as a river, moving the electrons along by direct contact.
56. This B-field river can be created in any number of ways, either by having lots of radiating particles at one end of the wire and few or none at the other, or by directionalizing the B-field through the shape of the molecules in the substance.
57. Some molecules block certain directions of the B-field, simply by getting in the way.