© Lloyd

Working Paper for Summary of MM's Photon Model

==Superposition [>>> MM's explanation of stacked spins.]
_Let us say you have the Earth spinning about the x-axis, and you give the center of the Earth a constant velocity in the y-direction.
_Next, we add an end-over-end spin in this same y-direction.
_Now, what sort of total curve would this end over end spin create, for the center of the Earth?
_It would create a wave.

==Electrical Charge
_we are taken back to the spin of the elementary particles in the repulsing objects.
_It would appear that the spin causes the ejection or radiation.
_This would mean that charge is caused by spin; but charge is not spin.
_Charge is the mass or momentum of the ejected gas or radiation.

==HOW TO BUILD A NUCLEUS without a Strong Force
_The first postulate is that the E/M field is caused by an emission field.
_Protons must be emitting something in order to create the repulsion.
_The second postulate is that quanta are spinning.
_In fact, I have already shown that baryons (protons and neutrons) have four stacked spins.
_These stacked spins are fully capable of explaining all the characteristics now given to quarks, without a quark model.
_It is these spins which will allow me to build the nucleus without the strong force.
_To begin, we will look only at the outer or z-spin of the baryon.
_The proton and neutron are both spinning, and since they are approximately the same size, their z-spins will have approximately the same angular momentum.
_What makes the two particles so different is that the proton is emitting a charge field and the neutron is not.
_The neutron is swallowing its charge field, since the photons cannot navigate the maze of spins.
_The four spins of the neutron bring the photons back to the center, while the four spins of the proton allow the photons to escape.
_I have diagrammed this in previous papers.
_What this means for our analysis here is that the proton must be treated as an extended particle, while the neutron is treated as a discrete particle.
_In other words, in this first part of the analysis, the neutron is treated mainly as a z-spin, while the proton is treated as a z-spin plus the shell of emitted photons.

==Unifying the Electron and Proton
_My explanation begins by importing theory from my paper on superposition.
_There I showed that the mysteries of light motion and interaction could be explained by stacked spins, each spin outside the gyroscopic influence of inner spins.
_I showed the existence of four spins, of relative size 1,2,4, and 8, each orthogonal to neighboring spins.
_In other words, most photons are spinning every way they can spin, axially and in the x, y, and z planes.
_In my paper on QCD, I applied this to baryons, showing that baryons also had all possible spins.
_In that paper I unified the proton and the neutron, showing that the difference between the two is only a difference in z-spin.
_That is, the particle at the center of every baryon is the same.
_Only the spins are different.
_I will show in a subsequent paper how this applies to mesons as well.
_Mesons are these same baryons stripped of outer spins.
_This unifies all hadrons.
_In this paper, I will show that the electron is also this same baryon stripped of outer spins.
_In this way, I will prove that electrons, mesons, neutrons and protons are all the same fundamental particle.
_The electron with all spins has an energy of 16,385.
_The electron with no spin has an energy of 1.
_The electron with axial spin has an energy of 9.
_If we divide 16,385 by 9 we get 16,385/9 = 1820.56
_We may therefore deduce that the electron at rest is spinning only about its own axis.
_An electron with all possible stable spins is a proton, anti-proton, or neutron.
_An electron with no z-spin is a meson.
_This number is very close to the atomic mass unit or Dalton which has a value of 1822.
_My margin of error may be explained by the presence of the gravitational field at the quantum level, but I will save that analysis for another paper.
_I will be asked how the electron can show a wave motion with only an axial spin.
_I have already shown that the wave characteristic of matter and of light is caused by stacked spins.
_But here we have only the first spin.
_How is the wave expressed?
_Well, it isn't expressed by an electron at rest, and we are comparing rest masses here.
_The electron must be moving to express a wave.
_If the electron begins moving and expresses a wave, of course it must have a second spin.
_It must get this spin from collision, we assume.
_And this second spin will add to the energy and therefore the apparent mass of the electron.
_A moving electron will become a sort of stable meson.
_As you can see from the math above, we can predict that it will have an energy about 7.2 times (65/9) that of the electron at rest.
_So in the first instance, the moving electron is not gaining energy only from Relativity.
_It is primarily gaining energy from x-spin.

==Unifying the Photon with other quanta
_the photon is simply another energy level of the quantum.
_Notice I said quantum, since we appear to have only one now.
_I have already unified the electron, positron, proton, anti-proton, neutron, all the neutrinos and all the mesons.
_I have shown that they are all spin levels or multiples of the same particle.
_This unification was made easier since I had already applied G to the radius of the photon.
_I have shown that the universal gravitational constant in Newton's equation is actually a scaling constant between the photon and the hydrogen atom or proton.
_Newton's equation contains the E/M field, hidden by the un-mechanical variables.
_G acts as a scaling constant between the gravitational field in the equation and the E/M field in the equation.
_Which means that the photon is G times smaller than the hydrogen atom.
_This explains many things, not the least of which is why G seems to vary slightly in experiment: it varies depending on the elements present.
_G, as a scaling constant, depends on the size of the atoms present: if most of the atoms are bigger than the hydrogen atom, G will have a margin of error.
_I have proposed that the photon is G times smaller than the hydrogen atom.
_Are G and 1821 linked in some way, mathematically?
_Yes, they are.
_If we cube 1821, we obtain 6.04 x 10^9.
_If we want to go smaller, we use the inverse of that number, which is 1.66 x 10^-10.
_So in seeking the photon, we should look for a mass at that level: a mass 1.66 x 10^-10 smaller than the proton mass.
_That would be a mass of 2.77 x 10^-37kg.
_The mass should be proportional to the energy, but the energy is determined by both a and x-spins.
_The a-spin corresponds to the radius, but the x-spin is twice the a-spin.
_So, we have found a mass of the photon of 2.77 x 10^-37kg.
_From a previous paper, we know that the radius of the photon must be G times the proton radius, which gives us 2.74 x 10^-24m.
_Does that tell us anything?
_Sit down and hold onto your chair before you calculate.
_Because if we use my simple equation from my first paper on G (relating mass and radius to surface acceleration), we get a = 4mG /r^2 = 9.8m/s^2 The photon, like the proton and the Earth, has a local acceleration at its surface of 9.8! I have shown that the photon is two full levels below the electron and three levels below the proton.
_The first question begged is, "Why isn't there a stable particle one level below the electron?" Good question.
_Why don't we find a stable particle with a mass 1/1821 that of the electron mass, which would be 5 x 10^-34 kg?
_If that were a photon, it would have an energy of 4.5 x 10^-17 J, and a frequency of 6.8 x 10^16/s.
_So the answer is, we do have a stable particle at that mass equivalence: it is just an ultraviolet photon.
_Still, how can a photon with seven or eight spins become an electron and start emitting large numbers of photons?
_The short answer is that it is not emitting them, it is re-emitting them.
_As the photon gather spins, it stops acting like a simple particle with linear motion and starts acting like a little engine.
_The spins allow it to trap other photons.
_Specifically, the z-spin is orthogonal to the linear motion, which allows it to act like a scoop or an intake valve.
_Photons with only axial spin cannot resist this intake, and they are temporarily absorbed by the photon with z-spin.
_Intake of small photons begins to slow the large photon and it begins to turn into an electron.
_It gains mass and loses velocity.
_At some point it takes its fill of small photons and they start to spill out once more.
_The large photon has become an engine, driven by small photons.
_It is now an electron.
_This photon exhaust of this little engine is what we call charge.
_If you have enough of this exhaust, it begins to directionalize the residual photon wind, and this photon wind is what we call electricity.
_The spin of the photon wind is what we call magnetism.

==The Double Slit Experiment
_I have proved in several previous papers that the charge field, if defined mechanically, must have mass equivalence.
_If it has mass equivalence, it must have materiality.
_In other words, the field that mediates the charge between proton and electron must be made up of discrete particles itself.
_What is now called the messenger photon cannot be a virtual particle with no mass or energy.
_It must be a real particle and create a real field.
_In my most recent paper on this subject I have already given this messenger photon a new name (the B-photon) and a definite radius (G times the hydrogen radius),

==The Bohr Magneton and Bohr's second and third biggest mistakes
_Finally, let's check that value for the electron radius.
_Actually, what I found above is the radius of the outer spin.
_The electron in orbit has both an axial spin and an x-spin.
_Therefore the radius of the electron proper is: re = 1.12 x 10^-17m But the x-spin radius, 2.24 x 10^-17m, must be the effective border of the electron, since due to the end-over-end spin, the mass will inhabit this entire radius, during motion.
_In another paper, I found the radius of the proton to be about 10^-13m, and the proton is known to have a mass of about 1836 times the electron.
_Using those numbers, we get r = 5.45 x 10^-17m Which is very close.
_We can use my number to re-estimate the radius for the proton, assuming it has the same density as the electron.
_rP = 4.11 x 10^-14m

==What is "Charge"?
_To explain the force between the electron and proton, the standard model now makes use of the "messenger photon," a so-called virtual particle that is made doubly virtual by always being "summed over" in a Feynmanian sense.
_This allows the standard model to have a force with no energy transfer.
_Since the mediating particles are virtual, with no mass or mass equivalence, the energy and forces are also virtual.
_The only thing that is not virtual is the acceleration, which we need to keep for our equations.
_The reason the standard model so flagrantly avoids a real field here is to avoid assigning that field mass.
_Physicists must be aware that you can't have forces without masses or energies, or the equivalent, but they also know that giving the charge field mass or energy of its own, beyond some virtual fudging, would doom the entire house of cards that is QED and QCD.
_In my UFT paper [] I showed that ** what we have always called the gravitational field at the macro-level is in fact a compound field that includes both gravity and the "charge" field.
_That is, it includes the field mediated by the messenger photon.
_Newton's gravity equation can be expanded, with G as the transform between the two fields.
_Once we re-expand the equation, we find that "mass" is hiding two separable features, and that one of them goes to one field and one goes to the other.
_Specifically, if we write mass as density x volume, the volume goes to the gravitational field and the density goes to the charge field (or what I call the foundational E/M field).
_Gravity is no longer dependent on density; it is proportional to volume or radius, and nothing else.
_Density is important only in the E/M field.
_The way that all this impacts the problem of charge is that we can now re-define the charge field as a bombarding field only.
_It is always repulsive; never attractive.
_It is caused by radiation of these messenger photons, which I am going to re-dub B-photons (for bombarding photons).
_The repulsion is caused by an old-fashioned force by contact.
_Of course this means that the B-photons are not virtual: they have energy, mass equivalence, and even radius.

==HOW DO PHOTONS TRAVEL?
_From a previous paper, we know that the radius of the B-photon is G times less than the radius of the proton.
_This gives us a ** photon radius of 2.74 x 10^-24m.
_The z-spin is 8 times the radius, so we should find a basic wavelength of 2.2 x 10^-23m.
_Obviously, we don't find photons with a wavelength that small.
_Why?
_Simply because the wavelength we measure has been stretched out by the velocity of the photon.
_The photon would be measured to have a wavelength of 2.2 x 10^-23m only if it were at rest.
_You will say, "Even if we accept that the photon is spinning, how can the z-spin be stretched?
_The spin would give us a spin radius, which is just a length.
_A length cannot be stretched by motion, unless you are proposing some kind of relativity here." I am not proposing relativity as the solution here.
_The answer to your question is that a spin is not just a radius, and is not just a length.
_A spin is a motion: a motion that takes time.
_Even if the photon were spinning at velocity c, one rotation must take some real time.
_We know that the linear velocity of light is not infinite, so we must assume the speed of spin is also not infinite.
_If it is not infinite, it must take time.
_If it takes time, then it will be stretched by the linear motion.
_While the surface of the photon is spinning, the photon as a whole is moving some linear distance x.
_So how much does the velocity stretch out the wavelength?
_We can discover that most easily by using this simple equation: E = mc^2 = hc/?; ? = h/mc
_Let us take an infrared photon, as our first candidate.
_The mass equivalence of the infrared photon is 2.77 x 10^-37 kg, so we just solve: ? = h/mc = 8 x 10^-6m
_If we compare that to the wavelength at rest, we find the wavelength has been stretched out by a factor of about 3.63 x 10^15.
_Since that is very nearly c^2, we assume that the transform is in fact c^2, and that the difference is a difference between the size of the B-photon and of the infrared photon.
_Remember that we developed the at-rest wavelength from the B-photon and the moving wavelength from the infrared photon.
_Our assumption is borne out by the numbers, since if we divide 8x 10^-6 m by c^2, we get 8.9 x 10^-23 m, which is almost exactly 4 times our B-photon wavelength.
_We may assume that the ** infrared photon is about 4 times larger than our B-photon.
_The most common photons appear at the size range of 18213 less than the proton mass and size.
_This is where we find the infrared photons, as I showed previously.
_But the ** small mass of the photon allows it to stack spins over a wide range of radii.
_In this, it is unlike the electron or proton.
_The proton cannot add extra spins above the z-spin without creating instability.
_This is why "mesons" over the baryon size are not stable.
_The extra spins begin interfering with the energy of the inner spins.
_But with the photon this appears not to be the case.
_Extra spin levels do not cause appreciable slowing, nor do they cause appreciable instability.
_We may theorize that smaller photons would be more stable, but the difference in small photons and large ones is not easily measured from our level.
_What this means, specifically, is that if we give the infrared photon a z-spin as its outer spin, we can find a smaller photon whose outer spin is the y-spin.
_We can also find a larger photon with another axial or x-spin on top of the infrared's z-spin.
_In this way, we find not only stacked spins, we find stacked levels.
_In other words, we find spins of a1, x1, y1, z1 and a2, x2, y2, z2 and a3, x3, y3, z3 and so on.
_By this analysis, a2 has twice the spin radius of z1.
_In fact, each spin has twice the radius of the spin under it.
_This means that photons do not come in a continuous spectrum.
_No, they come in stepped levels, each level double the one under it.
_For example, we found a ** wavelength of 8 x 10^-6 m for our infrared photon.
_You will remember that number comes from (c^2) 8.8 x 10^-23 m.
_If we want the next photon larger than that, we double the spin radius to 1.76 x 10^-22 m and multiply by c^2, which gives us 1.6 x 10^-5 m.
_There can't be any wavelength between 8 x 10^-6 m and 1.6 x 10^-5 m.
_If we measure light with an average wavelength in between those numbers, we must have a mixture of photons.
_A single photon cannot be found with a wavelength that is in between those numbers.
_It must have one wavelength or the other.

==A Preliminary Study of the Pyramid as an Electrical Structure
_I have redefined the charge field, expressing it with simple mechanics rather than with abstract and undefined fields.
_To do this I have been forced, by the definition of "mechanical", to give the messenger photon a mass equivalent.
_It is not virtual, and it must transfer its energy by bombardment or contact, in classical and transparent ways.
_This means, of course, that the foundational E/M field or charge field is always repulsive, at the level of photon bombardment.
_To explain how electrons and protons appear to attract each other, given this redefinition of the field, is not as difficult as you might think.
_It is explained by taking into consideration the size difference between the two particles.
_The electron, due to its very small radius and surface area, is able to dodge most of the photon bombardment from the proton.
_It is driven off much less than other protons.
_Since the rate of bombardment between protons or nuclei is what establishes (with gravity) the stability of matter, any rate of bombardment below this standard rate will appear to cause an attraction.
_What we have is not a real attraction between proton and electron, but a relative attraction.
_To state a simpler example. Say you have five small ball bearings and one large one.
_You put them all in a wind tunnel.
_The wind begins to blow the small bearings at a one rate and the large one at a much slower rate.
_The small bearings will achieve a rolling velocity A.
_The large bearing will achieve a rolling velocity of B, where B_From the point of view of the tunnel, all the bearings are being repulsed by the wind.
_There is no attraction.
_But if we look at the large bearing from the point of view of the small ones, it will appear to be attracted by the wind.
_The small ball bearings will tend to define themselves as the baseline.
_If they define themselves as "stable", then the large ball bearing will appear to be attracted to the wind, since it is moving away from the small bearings.