Purpose and Rules The purpose of this debate is to help determine which aspects of EU theory are tenable and which need modification. There was a short discussion of debating rules at http://thunderbolts.info/forum/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=10&am~. We may add more suggestions there at any time. One suggestion is to use the debate to create a definitive document of the tenable aspects of the theory. So I'll try to post a link to the updated document once a week or so. It was also suggested that a debate should cover just one theory. To cover another theory a second debate should be held. Therefore, I'm starting another debate on CC's theory at http://thunderbolts.info/forum/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=10&am~.
Comparison between EU and CC theories: EU1. Galaxies spawn quasars, which grow into galaxies. CC1. Galaxies evolve from Peculiars to Ellipsoids, Spirals and Rings. EU2. Galaxies are homopolar motors containing electric current filaments. CC2. Galaxies are collections of nebulae in electric im/explosion cycles. EU3. Stars and planets form at z-pinches in galactic filaments. CC3. Stars and planets form via electric collapse of nebulae. EU4. Galactic nuclei and stars are anode plasmoids. CC4. Galactic nuclei and exotic stars are plasmoids; most stars are compressively ionized batteries. EU5. Stars under electric stress fission into smaller stars. CC5. Stars dissipate into planets; sometimes planets can grow into stars. EU6. Stars eject planets and s-debris (dust, meteoroids etc) via compressive ionization. CC6. S-debris (dust, meteoroids etc) comes from collisions and electric erosion. EU7. Comet flares are due to charge differences between comets and IPM. CC7. Comet flares are due to comet velocity and IPM friction.
Fill in This EU Theory Outline Let's start by fleshing out EU theory by adding to this outline from Wal's site, http://holoscience.com, http://thunderbolts.info and other sources. 1. Galaxies spawn quasars, which grow into galaxies. 2. Galaxies are homopolar motors containing electric current filaments. 3. Stars and planets form at z-pinches in galactic filaments. 4. Galactic nuclei and stars are anode plasmoids. 5. Stars under electric stress fission into smaller stars. 6. Stars eject planets and s-debris (dust, meteoroids etc) via compressive ionization. 7. Comet flares are due to charge differences between comets and IPM.
CharlesChandler
Re: EU Theory Debate
I think that these out to be broken out into individual topics. They're all inter-related, but each one has its own supporting evidence, and its own challenges, and if it's the whole EU theory that's being debated, we're not liable to have focused discussions, where the evidence for/against is thoroughly evaluated.
Another thought that I had comes from one of my general criticisms of the EU — that the literature is just all over the place, on a variety of websites, and all through the threads. There needs to be a central place where the EU position is being stated. Well, there is such a place (sorta) — the Essential Guide. I "think" that the EG was conceived just as a plasma primer, but it (or a more elaborate companion) could grow into a complete statement of the body of theory that makes up the EU position, including solar theory. Then IMO the thing to do (the EG editors willing) would be to tie debates directly to statements in the EG, citing the page & paragraph number. The objective would not be to trash the EG, but rather, to improve it. In other words, why debate an issue, and leave the legitimate points in the thread, while the high-visibility official statement of the EU position makes no mention of the legitimate points, and still has uncorrected errors? The editors might not be interested in crowd-sourcing editorial tasks on the EG. But this has been, and will continue to be, my approach to my site. As new information comes in, I update the pages. That's the nice thing about the web. I even suggested to people that if they saw errors, of omission or commission, to just re-write the relevant section and post it, so I could just plop it right into place (assuming it seemed to be higher quality scholarship than what was already there). So I'm really into this idea of dynamic knowledge, and of how fast things can move along with multiple people working together.
Regardless, I think that we need to narrow the focus. And I think that the best place to start is with solar theory. We have a lot more information on the Sun that we do for any other star, and I think that we can nail it if we work together. So I'd like to see the solar models debated.
Lloyd
Re: EU Theory Debate
As I mentioned on the CC's Theory Debate thread at http://thunderbolts.info/forum/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=10&am~ I thought it would be good to have a couple of debate threads to begin with on CC's and EU's complete theories in order to work on making documents of the complete theories. I decided to start building CC's theory on his Solar Model and to start this one on the Galactic Star-Forming Filaments Model. That way there shouldn't be as much redundancy.
So, to start with I'd like to cover parts 1, 2 and 3 of the outline in the OP above. 1. Galaxies spawn quasars, which grow into galaxies. 2. Galaxies are homopolar motors containing electric current filaments. 3. Stars and planets form at z-pinches in galactic filaments.
The following is from Wal's website, http://holoscience.com. I hope this will be a good representation of EU theory in these 3 areas from the outline, although I'm actually not going to show much from part 1 yet. If I leave out anything important, or make any mistakes, I welcome anyone to correct me.
http://www.holoscience.com/wp/cosmology-in-crisis-again/ Galaxy Evolution _Quasars appear to be ejected, deficient in electrons, from their parent active galactic nucleus (AGN). _The lightweight electrons remain tangled in the AGN plasmoid for much longer than the heavier protons and uncharged neutrons. _all subatomic particles in the quasar have lower masses. _Therefore, the emitting atoms also have lower masses, and their radiation has lower energy. _The result is the observed intrinsic redshift of atomic emissions from quasars and their relative faintness. _The quantum jumps over time to lower redshift values occur as electrons from the parent galaxy's jet arrive at the quasar and increase the quasars' charge polarization. _As its mass increases [] the quasar slows from its high ejection speed at 'birth,' due to conservation of momentum. _When the intrinsic redshift value gets down to around z _0.3, the quasar starts to look like a small galaxy or BL Lac object and begins to fall back toward its parent, while continuing to decrease in redshift. _Eventually it becomes a companion galaxy. _[] family groupings [] can be traced to three and four generations of ejecting objects [i.e. companion galaxies]. _In an Electric Universe, faintness together with high intrinsic redshift is a measure of youthfulness, not distance and speed of recession. _Two new studies [] from the University of Vienna [] have examined so-called "satellite galaxies." _This term is used for dwarf galaxy companions of the Milky Way, some of which contain only a few thousand stars. _According to the best cosmological models, they exist presumably in hundreds around most of the major galaxies. _Up to now, however, only 30 such satellites have been observed around the Milky Way, a discrepancy in numbers _[The discrepancy] is commonly attributed to the fact that the light emitted from the majority of satellite galaxies is so faint they remain invisible. _A detailed study of these stellar agglomerates has revealed [] there is something unusual about their distribution _the eleven brightest dwarf galaxies – lie more or less in the same plane, [] forming some sort of a disc [around the Milky Way]. _most of these satellite galaxies rotate in the same direction around the Milky Way – like the planets revolve around the Sun. _"The stars in the satellites [] are moving much faster than predicted by the Gravitational Law. _The deviations detected in the satellite galaxy data support the hypothesis that in space where extremely weak accelerations predominate, a "modified Newton dynamic" must be adopted. _This diagram shows the development of a spiral galaxy like our Milky Way in an Electric Universe. _The long-range (1/r) electromagnetic interaction between pairs of intergalactic current filaments, known as "Birkeland currents," attracts matter from a vast volume of space. _Where two filaments intersect, they form a spiral galaxy through the powerful electromagnetic "Z-pinch" effect. _This concept has been tested in the lab and by 'particle-in-cell' supercomputer simulations. _It shows that the extremely weak and limited-range (1/r^2) force of gravity has negligible effect in forming a spiral galaxy. _Formation of the Milky Way galaxy in a cosmic Z-pinch offers a simple explanation for the discovery of satellite galaxies rotating in the same sense in the plane of the Milky Way galaxy. _The Z-pinch simulation (left) [is compared to] the plasma 'witness plate' equatorial pattern produced in a supernova discharge (right). _The immense scalability of plasma phenomena allows us to use the dramatic example of the effects of a plasma Z-pinch on a stellar scale in supernova 1987A to explain what happens on a galactic scale. _The Milky Way is formed in the central plasma column of the Z-pinch. _Surrounding the Milky Way axially are a number of interacting plasma filaments arranged in concentric cylinders that have the potential to produce satellite galaxies. _The number of filaments follows a characteristic pattern that suggests they will not be found "in hundreds." _Peratt writes: "Because the electrical current-carrying filaments are parallel, they attract via the Biot-Savart force law, in pairs but sometimes three[s]. _This reduces the 56 filaments over time to 28 filaments, hence the 56 and 28 fold symmetry patterns. _In actuality, during the pairing, any number of filaments less than 56 may be recorded as pairing is not synchronized to occur uniformly. _However, there are 'temporarily stable' (longer state) durations at 42, 35, 28, 14, 7, and 4 filaments. _Each pair formation is a vortex that becomes increasingly complex." _The rotating "vortexes" of the Milky Way and its satellites are driven electrically and will be in the same sense and roughly coplanar. _On a grand scale, the recently discovered evidence for a preferred handedness and axial alignment of spiral galaxies can be explained simply as the result of the general vector of electric current flow in our small corner of an Electric Universe of unknown size and age _[] MIT Technology Review [said]: "the axis of this alignment points directly towards the mysterious cold spot in the cosmic microwave background, which was discovered in the southern hemisphere in 2004. _Nobody knows what caused the cold spot although there are no shortage of ideas. _"cosmic microwave background" (CMB) radiation is not "background" at all. _It is a local radio "fog" from interacting Birkeland filaments within the Milky Way. _The "cold spot" confirms that the "CMB" has no cosmological significance. _It is commonsense that one hemisphere will be "colder" than the other, unless we just happen to be dead-center in the electric current stream of our arm of the Milky Way — an unlikely situation. _Galaxies are not formed by collisions and gravitational accretion. _Such a mechanism can only produce random results, which we do not observe.
http://www.holoscience.com/wp/eu-view/ Star Forming Filaments _"Something creates and maintains micro-Gauss coherent magnetic fields on an enormous scale" [in the universe] _A network of 27 star forming filaments [was] derived from Herschel observations of the IC 5146 molecular cloud. _Stars form in molecular clouds by a process of Marklund convection toward current filaments _[They] look just like a cosmic form of cloud-to-cloud lightning. _Marklund convection concentrates matter along a current filament with a long-range and more powerful [than gravity's 1/r^2 force] 1/r electromagnetic force.*s?* _Marklund convection separates the chemical elements with the coolest and most easily ionized elements, such as iron and silicon, nearest the axis. _With sufficient matter along the filament, gravity assists in forming separate stars and smaller bodies _[They resemble] glowing beads along a lightning channel [and have] cool cores of heavy elements and atmospheres of hydrogen and helium. _It seems that stars continue to receive electrical energy from the galactic current filament in which they formed. _This has been recently established by the 'surprising' influx of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) from a ring about the solar system, aligned across the interstellar magnetic field. _The ring with its 'bright spots' indicates the presence of an electromagnetic 'pinch' in the co-axial interstellar current cylinders that power the Sun. _M2-9 [] 'planetary nebula' shows a typical star's co-axial circuit in a more active 'glow mode.' _The electromagnetic plasma 'pinch' centered on the star is clearly evident. _the photospheres of stars [are each] a global electric discharge phenomenon at the very top of their gravitationally stratified atmospheres where the lightest elements, hydrogen and helium, are in abundance. _for solar theorists [] there is no explanation for lightning in the Earth's gravitationally stratified atmosphere _Much less are the weird phenomena above lightning storms understood. _Eddington [said in 1926] "[] suppose that bright line spectra in the stars are produced by electric discharges similar to those producing bright line spectra in a vacuum tube." _students are taught [mistakenly] the conductivity of space plasma is so high that any electric field in it can be set to zero. _But experience in gaseous discharges shows that currents, and not electric fields, in plasma are important. _Alfvén showed that the solar 'wind' must be a 'dark' current that flows in a circuit between the Sun and its galactic environment. _Most importantly, the electric field in the bulk of the plasma within the heliosphere is not zero, but vanishingly small _[It is] just sufficient to accelerate the solar 'wind' protons away from the Sun and then reversing direction to bring the solar wind mysteriously to a halt at the heliosphere boundary, or 'virtual cathode' of the solar discharge. _Juergens identified the many observed discharge phenomena on the Sun as characteristic of those above a positive anode. _The interplanetary plasma potential 'locks' to that of the anode — the Sun. _So the electric driving potential of the Sun is confined largely to the distant heliosphere boundary [], where the solar wind has [] come to a halt. _The heliospheric plasma sheath is the 'virtual cathode' in the Sun's circuit. _The electric field first reverses on approaching the cathode, causing the protons to decelerate with no evidence of a galactic 'head wind.' _Beyond that region the protons will accelerate rapidly away to become cosmic rays. _The electrons coming from that vast 'virtual cathode' sphere are focused down a trillion times by the time they reach the photosphere and produce the radiance of the Sun.
http://www.holoscience.com/wp/our-misunderstood-sun/ Marklund Convection _Stars are formed following Marklund convection of charged particles in dusty plasma toward the axis of galactic Birkeland current filaments. _General form of the magnetic field line pattern in a force-free axisymmetric filamentary structure [is shown]. _The filament is transparent so the temperature decreases toward the axis due to a preferential cooling of the densest regions. _So the ionized components of the plasma are convected inwards with a velocity V across a temperature gradient, delta T. _It is a very efficient mechanism which results in scavenging matter with a long-range 1/r force. _Marklund explains: "In my paper in Nature the plasma convects radially inwards, with the normal E x B/B2 velocity, towards the center of a cylindrical flux tube. _During this convection inwards, the different chemical constituents of the plasma, each having its specific ionization potential, enter into a progressively cooler region. _The plasma constituents will recombine and become neutral, and thus no longer under the influence of the electromagnetic forcing. _The ionization potentials will thus determine where the different species will be deposited, or stopped in their motion." _Stars formed in this way have an outer envelope of helium and hydrogen. _Working inwards, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen will form the atmospheric middle layers, and iron, silicon and magnesium will make up the core, which is cool. _This infrared image of the Orion nebula shows the new (red) stars forming along twisting current filaments in a dusty plasma. _Dr. Carl A. Rouse [] found from his study of pulsating variable stars that there is something wrong with the standard model of the interior of stars. _Using the usual assumptions he could not match the observed mass, luminosity and radius of the Sun _He found that his model worked only by assuming the Sun has a core of heavy elements. _What is more, he can reproduce the observed helioseismic oscillations. _Rouse's work [] fits the plasma cosmology story of star formation in a Z-pinch, with the heavy elements concentrated at the core. _It explains simply why the solar irradiance exhibits modulation identical to that of neutrinos.
http://www.holoscience.com/wp/assembling-the-solar-system/ Star Forming Filaments _[In] the Eagle Nebula, M16 [or] "Pillars of Creation" [] The glowing HII region is ionized atomic hydrogen plasma. _The pillars are not turbulent, they have the characteristic tornadic column form of parallel z-pinch plasma discharge filaments. _Z-pinches are the most efficient scavengers of matter in space, having an attractive force that falls linearly with distance from the axis. _in the Trifid Nebula [] a "young stellar objects" (YSO) region shows detail of the Trifid column 2 (TC2). _The inset image shows the telltale polar jet aligned with the z-pinch column. _The glowing "ionization front" is not principally a photo-ionization or collisional effect but the glow of a plasma double-layer, energized by electric current. _The nearby Herbig-Haro object, HH399, exhibits the typical thin polar corkscrew jet seen in more detail in the Herbig-Haro 49/50 _HH34 is another example where the plasma "beading" is clearly visible in the stellar jet. _The heated, glowing plasma in these jets can extend for trillions of miles. _They do not explosively dissipate in the vacuum of space because of the electromagnetic "pinch effect" of the electric current flowing along the jet. _The spiral shape is that of Birkeland current filaments, which are the universal power transmission lines. _Birkeland current pairs have been shown by both experiment and supercomputer simulations to form an axial sump of plasma, segregated radially by Marklund convection. _Birkeland currents align themselves with the ambient magnetic field direction. _The hourglass z-pinch shape has been confirmed in the magnetic field of a star-forming region. _And in laboratory z-pinch experiments, the plasma tends to form a number of "beads" along the axis (see HH34 above), which "scatter like buckshot" once the discharge subsides. _Alfvén proposed the electrical circuit diagram for a star. _It is in the form of a simple Faraday motor, which explains why the Sun's equatorial plasma is driven fastest. _It also explains the presence of the circumstellar disk, formed and held there by electromagnetic forces and not by weak gravity. _And the problem of transfer of rotational energy does not arise because the entire system is held by powerful electromagnetic forces and driven like an electric motor. _(The same explanation, of course, applies on a much grander scale to the anomalous rotation of the disk of spiral galaxies). _When the star-forming z-pinch subsides, gravity is not able to retain the disk for long and current flowing in the disk (the stellar wind) sweeps the space clear.
http://www.holoscience.com/wp/alfven-triumphs-again-again/ _The European Space Agency's Herschel Space Observatory [finds] that stars are formed in "an incredible network of filamentary structures _[The] features indicat[e] a chain of near-simultaneous star-formation events [] in a cloud of cold gas in the constellation of the Southern Cross. _But the images reveal a surprising amount of turmoil: _the interstellar material is condensing into continuous and interconnected filaments glowing from the light emitted by new-born stars at various stages of development." _"The filaments are [] stretching for tens of light years through space _and Herschel has shown that newly-born stars are often found in the densest parts of them… _Now, Herschel has shown that, regardless of the length or density of a filament, the width is always roughly the same. _Laboratoire AIM Paris-Saclay ... analysed 90 filaments and found they were all about 0.3 light years across {or about 20,000 times the distance of Earth from the Sun}. _This diagram shows a network of 27 star forming filaments derived from Herschel observations of the IC 5146 molecular cloud. _the favored conventional explanation [is] "sonic booms" generated by [unseen] "exploding stars!" _explosions should impose some degree of radial curvature on these filaments. _But what we see is more like the tortuous paths of cloud-to-cloud lightning bolts. _For that is what they are [] on a cosmic scale. _parallel currents attract each other _in a plasma, currents [] have a tendency to collect to filaments. _[Bennett found that] this [] lead[s] to the formation of a pinch. _The constant width over vast distances is due to the current flowing along the Birkeland filaments, _each filament [is] constituting a part of a larger electric circuit. _And in a circuit the current must be the same in the whole filament although the current density can vary in the filament due to the electromagnetic pinch effect. _Therefore the electromagnetic scavenging effect on matter from the molecular cloud, called Marklund convection, is constant along each current filament, which simply explains the consistency of widths of the filaments. _The stars form as plasmoids in the Bennett-pinches [a.k.a.] {Z-pinches}. _This diagram shows the true nature of the filaments inside the molecular cloud. _The electric field vector (E) and helical magnetic field configuration (B) are shown. _Inward Marklund convection of ions at velocity, V, across a temperature gradient, []T, is a mechanism for rapid filament formation and chemical separation in cosmic plasma _so the heavy elements ("metals" in astrophysics-speak) are found on-axis and [they] not hydrogen [] must therefore constitute the core matter of stars _Many [] 'impossible' stars are already known, some containing up to 150 solar masses _now [] Herschel has seen one near the beginning of its life _The luminosity of a star is not related to its massiveness because no nuclear fusion is taking place in its heavy element core. _And the massiveness of a star is not related to its size because the photosphere is not a surface in the usual sense _rather [it is] an electric discharge phenomenon some distance above the surface of the star. _The light of a star comes from the available electrical energy coursing along the enveloping Birkeland filaments. _"sonic booms" caused by the pressure of light from the star [] is negligible compared to the electromagnetic forces in the enveloping plasma. _And any such collision would serve to further ionise the dust and gas and make it more susceptible to the electromagnetic force.
Cosmic Ray Hotspots Confirm Solar Circuit _Alfvén's Solar Circuit [is] Confirmed _On May 3, the New Scientist published [it in] "Strange cosmic ray hotspots stalk southern skies." _Cosmic rays [] over the South Pole appear to be coming from particular locations, rather than being distributed uniformly across the sky. _Similar cosmic ray "hotspots" have been seen in the northern skies too _yet we know of no source close enough to produce this pattern. _IceCube [] at the South Pole [] detects muons produced by neutrinos striking ice _but it also detects muons created by cosmic rays hitting Earth's atmosphere. _These cosmic ray muons can be used to figure out the direction of the original cosmic ray particle. _Between May 2009 and May 2010, IceCube detected 32 billion cosmic-ray muons, with a median energy of about 20 teraelectronvolts (TeV) [tera _trillion]. _These muons revealed, with extremely high statistical significance, a southern sky with some regions of excess cosmic rays ("hotspots") and others with a deficit of cosmic rays ("cold" spots). _Over the past two years, a similar pattern has been seen over the northern skies _the hotspots must be produced within about 0.03 light years of Earth. _Further out, galactic magnetic fields should deflect the particles so much that the hotspots would be smeared out across the sky. _But no such sources are known to exist. _In the 1920s Irving Langmuir and Harold Mott-Smith showed that in a discharge tube the plasma sets up a thin boundary sheath which separates it from a wall or from a probe and shields it from the electric field. _The electric field in this sheath, or 'double layer' of separated charge, accelerates charged particles. _Sources of cosmic rays situated along the Sun's axes were predicted by Alfvén in 1986 in an IEEE publication _He explains: "If an electric discharge is produced between a cathode and an anode there is a double layer, called a cathode sheath, produced near the cathode _[It] accelerates electrons which carry a current through the plasma. _A positive space charge separates the cathode sheath from the plasma. _Similarly, a double layer is set up near the anode, protecting the plasma from this electrode. _Again, a space charge constitutes the border between the double layer and the plasma. _All these double layers carry electric currents." _The Sun acts as a unipolar inductor (A) producing a current which goes outward along both the axes (B2) and inward in the equatorial plane along the magnetic field lines (B1). _The current must close at large distances (B3), either as a homogeneous current layer, or — more likely — as a pinched current. _Analogous to the [Earth's?] auroral circuit, there may be double layers (DLs) which should be located symmetrically on the Sun's axes. _Such double layers have not yet been discovered [except via cosmic ray hotspots]. _In the circuit model, it was noted that every circuit that contains an inductance is intrinsically explosive. _This is true because a conductive circuit will tend to supply all of the inductive energy to any point of interruption of the circuit. _Double layers are known to tend to interrupt current in a plasma. _Hence, the entire energy of a circuit can be released at the point where a double layer forms regardless of the source of the energy of the circuit. _Because of their property of generating cosmic rays, synchrotron radiation, radio noise, and occasionally exploding, Alfvén proposed, "DL's may be considered as a new class of celestial objects… _For example, the heliospheric current system must close at large distances, and it is possible — perhaps likely — that this is done by a network of filamentary currents. _Many such filaments may produce DL's, and some of these may explode." _To give an idea of their omnipresence in space, DLs are implicated in the earth's auroral regions, extragalactic jets, stellar jets, novae and supernovae, X-ray and gamma-ray bursts, X-ray pulsars, double radio sources, solar flares, and the source of cosmic ray acceleration. _It seems that Alfvén's DLs have been detected in the form of "cosmic ray hotspots" generated in Birkeland current filaments "less than 0.03 light years" from the Sun. _The hotspots should be found to align with the local interstellar magnetic field. _The median energy of the cosmic rays reported at 20 TeV is within the range expected from a cosmic DL. _[Alfvén said] "More than 99 percent of the Universe consists of plasma, and the ratio between electromagnetic and gravitational forces is 1039."
http://www.holoscience.com/wp/supernova-1987a-decoded-2/ Supernovae _The axial shape of SN1987A is that of a planetary nebula. _[] Dr. Charles Bruce [], argued that the bipolar shape, temperatures and magnetic fields of planetary nebulae could be explained as an electrical discharge. _The term "z-pinch" comes from the usual representation of a current flowing along the z-axis, parallel to the magnetic field. _With a strong enough current, the plasma formed by the discharge electromagnetically "pinches" into a string of sausages, donuts and plasma instabilities, along the z-axis. _it has become clear to plasma cosmologists that the electrical z-pinch effect is instrumental in forming stars. _Once formed, stars continue to be lit by electrical power delivered throughout the universe by cosmic transmission lines known as Birkeland current filaments. _These giant filaments can be traced by their radio transmissions. _Stars also trace the Birkeland currents in galaxies in the same way that electric streetlights trace the routes of electrical cables. _Anthony Peratt [in an IEEE paper in 2003] explained the unusual characteristics of a high-energy plasma discharge [] and showed their characteristic 56- and 28-fold symmetry. _This photograph shows a 0.6-mm-thick titanium witness plate that has been placed 15 cm in front of a 100 kilo-Gauss, sub-megaampere charged particle beam. _Initially, the particle beam was cylindrical but after traveling the 15 cm has filamented. _In the sub-gigaampere range, the maximum number of self-pinched filaments allowed before the cylindrical magnetic field will no longer split into "islands" for the parameters above has been found to be 56. _These results verify that individual current filaments were maintained by their azimuthal self-magnetic fields, a property lost by increasing the number of electrical current filaments. _The scaling is constant for a given hollow beam thickness, from microampere beams to multi-megaampere beams and beam diameters of millimeters to thousands of kilometers. _This scaling of plasma phenomena has been extended to more than 14 orders of magnitude _so the bright ring of supernova 1987A can be considered as a stellar scale "witness plate" with the equatorial ejecta sheet acting as the "plate" for the otherwise invisible axial Birkeland currents. _The images of SN 1987A shows the Birkeland currents around the star have paired to a number close to 28. _The bright spots show a tendency toward pairing and groups of three. _This witness plate model explains why the glowing ring is so nearly circular and is expanding very slowly – unlike a shock front. _If the equatorial ring shows the Birkeland currents in the outer sheath of an axial plasma current column, then the supernova outburst is the result of a cosmic z-pinch in the central column, focused on the central star. _It is important to note that the z-pinch naturally takes the ubiquitous hourglass shape of planetary nebulae. _No special conditions and mysteriously conjured magnetic fields are required. _The Birkeland currents will only be visible where the plasma density is high. _It is also the shape of SN1987A with its three rings. _Some bright spots may be seen to rotate about each other and to merge. _Plasma cosmologists have not ignored the pulsar, sometimes found in a supernova remnant. _Healy and Peratt [] concluded: our results support the 'planetary magnetosphere' view, where the extent of the magnetosphere, not emission points on a rotating surface, determines the pulsar emission." _we do not require a hypothetical super-condensed object to form a pulsar. _A normal stellar remnant undergoing periodic discharges will suffice. _Plasma cosmology [is] not requiring neutron stars or black holes to explain compact sources of radiation.
http://www.holoscience.com/wp/the-astrophysical-crisis-at-r~ _[There is] "A Symmetric Bipolar Nebula Around MWC 922" [] The Red Square Nebula. _The image above [] was taken in near-infrared light (1.6 microns) and shows a region 30.8 arcseconds on a side around MWC 922. _The Red Square image is very important because [the nebula] is only 5,000 light years away. _It is compared in the report with the structures seen around supernova 1987A, which is 169,000 light years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud. _all of the detailed features of [SN1987A] remnant could be explained in terms of a cosmic 'Z-pinch' plasma discharge, focused on a star. _The Birkeland current filaments will only be visible where the plasma density is high. _The diagram above shows the essential features of a plasma Z-pinch (left), the detailed filamentary current structure (center), and the 'witness plate' result of the Birkeland current filaments interacting with the equatorial expulsion disk of supernova 1987A. _The Red Square shows the stellar Z-pinch in close-up and we can see the Birkeland filaments for the first time, called 'combs' in the Science paper. _But the most compelling and important implication for astronomy comes from the three-dimensional structure implied by the Red Square images. _The bipolar hourglass shape is a stellar circuit made visible. _Exploding double layers are very important in stellar outbursts. _It is the only stellar explosion mechanism that naturally produces bipolar remnants and equatorial ejection disks (as distinct from hypothetical 'accretion' disks) and lends itself to empirical testing in the lab. _"In Sweden the [] transfer of [electric] power [was] over a distance of about 1000 km _mercury rectifiers were developed [that sometimes] produced enormous over-voltages so that fat electrical sparks filled the rectifying station and did considerable harm. _An arc rectifier must have a very low pressure of mercury vapor in order to stand the high back voltages during half of the a.c. cycle. _[But] it must be able to carry large currents during the other half-cycle [in d.c.]. _these two requirements were conflicting, because at a very low pressure the plasma could not carry enough current. _If the current density is too high, an exploding double layer may be formed. _in the plasma a region of high vacuum is produced: the plasma refuses to carry any current at all. _The sudden interruption of the 1000 km inductance produces enormous over-voltages, which may be destructive." _In 1964 Jacobsen and Carlqvist suggested that exploding double layers produced violent solar flares. _In an extreme situation the power from a galactic circuit is catastrophically released in an exploding double layer near the surface of a star to produce a supernova. _A number of double layers develop in series between a star and its galactic environment. _Strong electric fields exist across them summing to the voltage difference between the star and the galactic plasma environment. _Cosmic rays allow us to estimate the voltages of stars at tens of billions of volts. _Ions and electrons are accelerated across the thin double layers and collide. _The 'linear rungs or bars' of the Red Square fit Alfvén's circuit diagram as polar 'double layers,' symmetrically situated along the Z-pinch filaments, some distance from the star's two poles. _Their thinness and electrical excitation results in the enhanced glow and sharp definition of the 'rungs or bars.' _Alfvén[']s 'wiring diagram' is essentially correct but incomplete because it does not show the star's connection to the larger galactic circuit. _Alfvén remarked, "The current closes at large distances, but we do not know where." _Plasma cosmologists have supplied the answer by mapping the currents flowing along the arms of spiral galaxies. _It is [therefore probable] that all stars are the focus of Z-pinches within a galactic discharge. _Normally the current flows in 'dark mode' so we don't usually see the spectacular bipolar 'wiring harnesses' of hyperactive stars, like that at the heart of Red Square. _All we witness, closest to home, are the effects on the Sun's 'surface,' in its superheated corona, and the solar 'wind.'
http://www.holoscience.com/wp/twinkle-twinkle-electric-star/ _In cosmic molecular clouds, where stars are formed, just one charged particle in ten thousand neutral particles is sufficient for electric and magnetic forces to overcome gravity. _Plasma in space is an excellent conductor but it is not a superconductor, as astronomers assume when they talk of 'frozen in' magnetic fields. _Plasma clouds that move relative to each other generate electric currents in each other. _Electric currents in plasma take the form of twisted filament pairs, which follow the ambient magnetic field direction. _The filamentary current is electrically insulated from the surroundings in a way similar to a current in an electric cable located in the ocean and carrying current through a low resistance metal wire. _The magnetic fields generated by these currents have been detected between and within galaxies. _These currents are not visible because the current density is too low to excite the plasma to emit light [i.e. it's in] "dark current mode." _For currents to continue to flow, they must eventually form into circuits. _If external electrical currents power stars and galaxies, the power source is probably not located in the stars. _Charged bodies embedded in plasma create about themselves a protective cocoon of plasma [called] a Langmuir plasma sheath, or 'double layer' [DL] _[The DL] contains most of the voltage difference between the charged body and the surrounding plasma. _Only an electric current sustains the charge separation across the double layer. _If the surrounding plasma is moving relative to the charged body, the plasma sheath is drawn out into a teardrop or cometary shape. _And if the charged body is rotating it will generate a magnetic field that is trapped inside the plasma sheath. _This has led to the misnomer — "magnetosphere" — when referring to a plasma sheath. _In interstellar space [DLs] produce the cosmic microwave radiation, mistakenly interpreted as the afterglow from the mythical big bang. _Alfvén [] suggested that X-ray and gamma ray bursts may be due to exploding double layers. _An important feature of plasma sheaths, or double layers, is that the electric field on either side of the thin double layer is very weak and the plasma there is 'quasi neutral.' _That's why we do not see evidence of a strong electric field from the charged Sun, and why the 'solar wind' appears to be electrically neutral. _For this reason, the bulk movement and magnetic field of the 'solar wind' best signify the Sun's electrical activity. _The so-called 'winds' and 'jets' of stars are a form of 'dark current,' equivalent to the breeze from an air ionizer. _The enigma of prodigious stellar winds accelerating away from the 'cool' photospheres of red giant stars is simply solved _An electric star is formed by the equivalent of a lightning bolt in a molecular (plasma) cloud. _Just like earthly lightning, cosmic lightning scavenges, squeezes and heats matter along the discharge channel. _Where the squeeze is most intense, the current may 'pinch off' to give the effect of 'bead lightning.' _In high-energy plasma lab discharges researchers have found that hot plasma 'beads' (known as plasmoids) form along the discharge axis before "scattering like buckshot" when the discharge quenches. _Marklund convection causes helium to form a diffuse outer layer, followed by a hydrogen layer, then oxygen and nitrogen in the middle layers, and iron, silicon and magnesium in the inner layers. _So electric stars should have a core of heavy elements and an upper atmosphere mostly of hydrogen. _This renders the difference between stars and planets to be more apparent than real. _In addition to scavenging elements, stars produce electrically in the high-energy electrical discharges of their photospheres all of the elements required to form rocky planets. _Nucleosynthesis of heavy elements does not require a supernova explosion. _Planets are then born by electrical expulsion of matter from the body of the star in the form of giant mass ejection events, like we see in miniature in solar outbursts. _Large stellar flares and nova outbursts probably signal the birth of planets. _Disks of matter encircling stars are not due to gravitational accretion but to electrical expulsion. _The bright photosphere of a star is an electric discharge high in its upper atmosphere that can be compared directly with low-pressure glow discharges in the lab. _The spectrum of the photosphere reflects the star's upper atmosphere composition, which is largely hydrogen. _The heavy elements seen in the spectrum are produced right before our eyes in the photospheric discharge. _Measurements of stellar radii are misleading since the photosphere is a bright plasma 'skin' at great height in the atmosphere above the solid surface of the star. _That height, in the case of the Sun, may be estimated simplistically as follows: the Sun has a mass equivalent to 333,000 Earths; _if most of the mass of the Sun is in heavy elements similar to the Earth, the Sun would have a solid diameter somewhat less than 900,000 kilometers, compared to its optical diameter of 1.4 million kilometers. _That suggests the photosphere is some 250,000 kilometers above the surface of the Sun. _helioseismology assumes the standard thermonuclear model of stars and interprets [helioseismic] oscillations of the photosphere as a purely mechanical phenomenon. _the question of what causes the Sun's 'ringing' remains unanswered. _"The flute does not produce music unless one blows in it." _On the other hand, a fundamental characteristic of plasma double layers is that they are driven electromagnetically to oscillate. _Photospheric oscillations are properly the study of double layers and stellar circuits, not mechanical sound waves. _This study has wider applications than to photospheric 'ringing.' _For example, the regular pulsations of 'neutron stars,' conventionally attributed to a "runaway lighthouse effect," are better explained by oscillations in the magnetospheric circuit of a normal, lazily rotating and externally powered electric star. _A star is a pinpoint object at the center of a vast plasma sheath. _The plasma sheath forms the boundary of the electrical influence of the star, where it meets the electrical environment of the galaxy. _The Sun's plasma sheath, or 'heliosphere', is about 100 times more distant than the Earth is from the Sun. _The Sun's heliosphere could accommodate the stars from 8 Milky Ways! _Clearly, in the immense volume of the heliosphere an unmeasurably small drift of electrons toward the Sun and ions away from the Sun (the solar wind) can satisfy the electrical power required to light the Sun. _It is only when we get very close to the Sun that the current density becomes appreciable and plasma discharge effects become visible. _The enigma of the Sun's millions-of-degrees corona above a relatively 'stone cold' photosphere is immediately solved when the Sun's power comes from the galaxy and not the center of the Sun! _It is clear from the behavior of its relatively cool photosphere that the Sun is an anode, or positively charged electrode, in a galactic discharge. _The red chromosphere is the counterpart to the glow above the anode surface in a discharge tube. _When the current density is too high for the anode surface to accommodate, a bright secondary plasma forms within the primary plasma [] termed "anode tufting." _On the Sun, the tufts are packed together tightly so that their tops give the appearance of "granulation."
CharlesChandler
Re: EU Theory Debate
Ummm... it might take me a little while to respond to all of that... If you want to check on my progress, my working document is here: http://qdl.scs-inc.us/?top=8847. My one comment at this time is just that it's tough critiquing something, when there isn't a central statement of the position. I almost feel like I have to piece together their assertions, from a variety of sources, in order to critique them. I'm not actually sure what that's worth. I'm especially not sure who would really care. But I'll chink away at it anyway, in-between working on my own stuff.
Lloyd
Re: EU Theory Debate
Charles, I was thinking of going through the material in my previous post myself and picking out the statements that seem most essential to the EU Theory on star formation and power sourcing in galactic electric filaments, if I get time for that. Otherwise, I'd suggest that you or anyone else similarly focus on listing those essential points. A lot of the points you've already responded to in other threads, so I or anyone else could look for those responses too.
Existing Known Facts about Object Formation via Z-pinch In the mean time, I spent some time today looking for what's already known about neutral matter formed via z-pinch, which I consider to be one of the most important claims in EU Theory. I plan to dig up the statements made about that on the Anode vs Plasmoid thread soon, but for now I want to post a couple of papers I found online. The first one below from 1987 may tie in with the paper excerpt you posted on your site about nebular or molecular cloud formation of meteoric chondrules via nebula-wide electric discharges. So I plan to dig that up again too for adding to our EU Theory Document on your site, which I guess is the most convenient place to work on that, though I haven't tried to start it there yet. Maybe I'll try to do that tomorrow or so.
Molecular Cloud Filaments and Star Formation [1987] http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1988Ap%26SS.144...~ _... there [] exist filaments which are not obviously associated with supernovas or other similar phenomena. In this latter category we find many of the molecular clouds (or dust clouds) out of which stars may form. One problem connected with these clouds consists in explaining how they once could be collected into filaments (or slabs) before the gravitational forces were strong enough to contract them. Here the pinching effect due to electric currents offers an attractive mechanism .... _To exemplify this we consider a model of a weakly inoized and filamentary plasma cloud which mainly consists of hydrogen molecules of mass ~3 x 10^27 kg and temperature T ~ 20 K. The radius of the filament is a = 2 x 10^16 m = 0.65 pc, while the mean density is n ~ 3 x 10^8 / m^3 yielding N ~ (4 x 10^41)^-1. It is assumed that the external pressure is much less than the internal pressure. If the cloud does not rotate and the axial magnetic field is zero, so that ΔW.Bz = 0, we find from Figure 1 that an electric current of I ~ 4 x 10^13 A is required to pinch the plasma. _In the case of an internal axial magnetic field, B.zic = 6 x 10^-10 T, and a corresponding external field, B.zec = 3 x 10^10 T, yielding ΔW.Bz ~ 1 x 10^20 J/m^3 we find from Figure 1 that the current needed for pinching is I = 6 x 10^10 T. This field together with the axial field considered above are well below the upper limits of the magnetic fields, 1.5 x 10^-9 T measured for a few molecular clouds .... _If the plasma in the filament rotates the filamentary current 'I' has to be larger than that in a similar, non-rotating filament to pinch the plasma. In the model above the effect of rotation becomes comparable with the effect of the kinetic pressure when the rotatory velocity is v.c ~ 4 x 10^2 m/s. _Matter may be collected to the filament either along the filamentary axis or transverse to it. As long as N <= 10^42 / m the pinching of the filament is controlled mainly by the current 'I' while for N >~ 10^42 / m gravitational forces dominate. The pinching by filamentary currents may thus be an important mechanism in the formation phase of molecular clouds. It is to be noticed that the currents needed for this process constitute only a small fraction of the total galactic current. Hence, a great number of cloud-forming current filaments may exist simultaneously in the Galaxy. When a cloud has become sufficiently condensed stars may be formed in it. Dust existing in the cloud is then probably of vital importance for the formation process ....
Gas or Dust "Clouds" Are Electric Filaments The following 1995 paper seems to say that there are very few gas clouds in the galaxy and that the gas is found almost exclusively in electric filaments. Only in star-forming regions are there clouds or nebulae that are somewhat spherical, rather than filamentary. The magnetic field strength is said to be found to be about 5 micro-gauss, apparently produced by a current near 10^13 A. If the diameter of a filament is .03 lightyears, or 62,000 AU, the current per cross-section area would be tiny.
INTERSTELLAR NEUTRAL HYDROGEN FILAMENTS AT HIGH GALACTIC LATITUDES AND THE BENNETT PINCH by Gerrit L Veerschuur, Physics Dept, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA [url]http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-94-011-0405-0_18#page-2[/url] http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1995Ap%26SS.227..187V _Astrophysics and Space Science 227: 187-198, 1995, c.1995 Kluwer Academic Publishers _Abstract. Observed properties of interstellar neutral hydrogen filaments suggest the presence of the Bennett pinch as described by the Carlqvist relationship with rotation around the filament axes included. A brief summary is first given of three ways in which a filament model for interstellar "cloud" structure was tested. Preliminary results from high resolution HI mapping of gas and dust in an apparent HI "cloud" indicate that the attempt to detect magnetic fields in this and similar features using the Zeeman effect technique at the 21-cm wavelength of interstellar neutral hydrogen set upper limits of a few microG. In contrast, the strength of the toroidal magnetic field expected from the examination of the Carlqvist relationship is of order 5 microG, which would be produced by a current of 1.4 x 10^13 A. Zeeman effect technology is at present not able to detect toroidal magnetic fields of this order at the edge of barely resolved HI filaments. Nevertheless, currently available high-resolution HI data suggest that interstellar filament physics should take into account the role of currents and pinches for creating and stabilizing the structures. _Introduction _Neutral hydrogen (HI) surveys at high galactic latitudes show that the interstellar gas is filamentary; see for example Verschuur (1973, 1974a,b, 1991a,b, et al 1992). The filamentary nature of the HI is also dramatically evident in the data by Colomb, Po"ppel, and Heiles (1980) and the new all-sky Leiden-Dwingeloo HI survey (Hartmann, 1994). What, then, is the relationship between such filaments and magnetic fields that thread their way through interstellar space? And is it possible that the origin and stability of the filaments depends on the existence of large-scale currents as found by Carlqvist and Gahm (1992)? _Verschuur (1991a) has shown that morphological waves with wavelengths of order 30o and amplitude ~1/8Lambda exist in several HI filaments in [] 540 square degrees of sky around L=230o, b=+40o. The extent of the longest filament is greater than 72o, the limit set by the boundaries of the area surveyed. The motion within the filaments, determined by analysis of velocities along their axes, suggests the presence of wave patterns with amplitude 5 to 6 km/s on an angular scale similar to that seen in the spatial wave-like structure projected on the sky. Furthermore, in this area of sky every so-called HI "cloud" (or enhanced emission feature; EEF) is found to be associated with a filament, while the "clouds" are usually found where the filaments show changes in the orientation of their axes, as if defining kinks in the filaments. This raised the interesting possibility that a "cloud" of diffuse interstellar HI, defined by a localized enhancement of HI emission, might be a geometric illusion produced where a segment of filament twists into the line of sight. Our study began in order to test this simple model. _An example of an HI "cloud" is shown in Figure 1. Each frame plots the distribution of the antenna temperature of the HI emission at the velocity indicated at the lower right of the frame (in km/s with respect to the local standard of rest). The original maps were plotted with a resolution of 20 arcmin (Verschuur 1974a). The lower right frame shows a sketch of the derived filamentary patterns taken from Verschuur (1991b). The numbers in this frame indicate the velocity of the HI emission at various locations along Filament A whose morphology is derived by reference to the HI structure in the other frames. _The bright feature in the center of the various maps is an example of an EEF ("cloud"), this one labeled H0827+10. At the extreme velocities at which it is identified it appears to be connected to material at the top-right and lower-left of the area shown here. If filament geometry accounts for EEFs, H0827+10 may represent a direction in which the filament twists into the line-of-sight. _We have carried out three types of observations to test this hypothesis. First, if cool interstellar HI and dust are associated, we might obtain a better view of the filament geometry by examining the distribution of 100micron emission from the dust, since the IRAS survey of 100micron emission has a resolution of a few arcmin, considerably better than most radio telescopes used in the study of interstellar HI structure. Second, high-resolution HI mapping should show the structure more clearly. The third test involves mapping the magnetic field in the direction of the EEF using the 21-cm Zeeman effect, as a probe. This experiment is sensitive to the line-of-sight component of the magnetic field and if EEFs are illusions produced where a segment of filament twists into the line-of-sight, the magnetic field should appear stronger toward the EEF than toward its surroundings. We briefly report on the result of all three tests. _2 - The Data _Figure 2 shows the 100micron flux from cool interstellar dust in the direction of the EEF H0827+10, the bright feature at the center of this map. The presence of filaments is obvious and it is not difficult to imagine that even on this scale the brightest features are produced where filaments overlap or twist into the line-of-sight. When the central part of Figure 2 is examined more closely under different contrast, the brightest feature is seen to have a loop shape. _The Arecibo radio telescope was next used to obtain high resolution (4 arcmin) maps of the HI emission from H0827+10. Our analysis technique involved the Gaussian decomposition of hundreds of profiles in order to identify families of components and then making an area map of each component before comparing the results with the 100 micron data. Figure 3 shows the combined column density of cool gas found in three of the brightest Gaussian components defining the emission profiles in this region. Comparison of Figures 2 and 3 shows a great deal of similarity, certainly within limits set by the resolution and data display techniques. It is striking that the HI map appears on the verge of revealing as much detail as is seen in the 100 micron data. A similar map of the total HI column density shows far less contrast, due in part of the presence of unrelated gas along the line-of-sight, and to lesser extent to the unwanted influence of sidelobes distorting the emission profiles at low levels. The morphological similarities between the structures seen in Figures 2 and 3 suggest that this way of analyzing the data is more powerful than the traditional method of comparing total HI column density with 100 micron brightness. _Figure 3 shows that the HI "cloud" H0827+10 in FIgure 1 contains enhanced filamentary structure and that the original "cloud" is not a physically bound, coherent entity at all, at least not in the sense that some unifying force, whether gravity or a simple magnetic field configuration, gathers the gas into a small, spherically symmetric volume of space. It seems likely that the enhancement in brightness in the lower resolution HI data is related mainly to line-of-sight geometrical effects while revealing little about the possible physics involved in creating the structure. (Bear in mind that the structure seen in these maps is not two-dimensional but has an unknown depth component). _Our third test of the twisted filament model involved observations of the Zeeman effect in HI emission profiles (Verschuur, 1995a,b). The goal was to find evidence for magnetic fields in the 5-20 microG range, which could control gas motion in the filaments (Verschuur, 1991b). Various observers such as Troland and Helies (1982) and Heiles (1989) claimed that magnetic fields this strong exist in diffuse HI. Instead of confirming their results or adding to the database, our study revealed the presence [of] a systematic problem that has affected all such observations. After making appropriate corrections to the data, no evidence for magnetic fields in the 5-20 microG range in diffuse HI emission is found anywhere in the sky (Verschuur, 1995a,b). The only magnetic fields in interstellar space of this order that have been observed are associated with dense HI structures ("clouds") adjacent to star forming regions, where the magnetic fields may have been amplified by shock compression (see Verschuur 1995c for a summary). _For H0827+10 the Zeeman effect observations give a value for the line-of-sight magnetic field strength of -0.7 + 1.0 microG (one sigma error) toward the brightest feature in Fig. 3. The average magnetic field for five directions sampled in H0827+10 is -0.1 + 0.6 microG. This implies an upper limit of ~2 microG. Upper limits of 1.4 microG have been set for two other EEFs, while a third gave 0.6 microG (Verschuur 1995a). Small-scale structure in the magnetic field morphology produced by field reversals within the beamwidth of the telescope would not be detected in the Zeeman effect experiment and could especially hide toroidal magnetic fields with small angular scales. _3 - Discussion: Filaments as Tracers of Current Flow ... The general[] similarity between the dust and gas structures in Figs. 2 and 3 lends support to the notion that "clouds" in the diffuse interstellar medium, which are usually identified with brightness enhancements in HI or 100 micron area maps, are more likely to be produced by [] line-of-sight filament geometry than by simple "cloud" physics. If so, this has far-reaching implications for the way such data are interpreted to derive estimates of the physical parameters for interstellar HI. It was in this context that we examined whether plasma physical processes may play a role in controlling the formation and stability of interstellar filaments. _The philosophy that evolved as the data were examined (with plasma physics concepts in mind) is that HI gas acts as a tracer of the motion and structure of plasma in interstellar space. We will next describe what emerges when the data are considered from this point of view. _... It was found that under certain circumstances, depending mainly on the filament distance chosen (usually an unknown parameter), the external gas pressure can be of the order of, or greater than, the internal gas pressure. Bear in mind that the filament gas density can be derived from the HI observations if the distance to the filament is known. In the analysis described below, it was noted that there is always a critical value for the (unknown) filament distance beyond which the external gas pressure is calculated to be greater than the internal pressure, so that the relative importance of the Bennett pinch in stabilizing the filament appears to be reduced. It may be no more than coincidence that the critical distance is usually of the order judged to be reasonable for the filaments, and may in fact hint at a new way to obtain this distance. _A second point concerning how to estimate the value of ΔWk(a) in Eq. (3) needs to be stressed. The HI in the region in question is clearly morphologically similar to associated cold dust (cirrus). The temperature of dust in atomic filaments is around 30 K (Boulanger and Peratt, 1988; Verschuur et al., 1992) yet the observed HI emission linewidths are of order 4 km/s, which corresponds to ~340 K. This disparity between expected gas temperature and observed linewidth has often been noted in the study of interstellar HI and turbulent motions have usually been blamed for the difference. Here we suggest that the HI linewidth is broadened by the presence of rotation around the filament axis, which relates to the last term in Eq. (1). _... In particular, the distance of 100 pc is of the order expected for relatively local gas at intermediate galactic latitudes. These parameters listed in Table 1 combine to produce an equality in Eq. (1). The current is estimated to be 1.4 x 10^13 A which generates a toroidal magnetic field of 5.3 microG. ... _Substitution into Eq. (1) shows that gravity plays no role in controlling the filament. Most striking is the importance of rotation in determining the magnetic field required to constrain the filament. Varying the rotation velocity from 1-4 km/s changes the required constraining toroidal magnetic field strength from 3.3 to 12.8 microG, which in turn requires a current of 0.9 to 3.4 x 10^13 A. _If we insist on an additional constraint, that the external gas pressure not dominate internal gas pressure, then the distance of the filament has to be <140 pc. Otherwise the toroidal magnetic field and external gas pressure will combine to stabilize Filament a. _... re-examination of the data shows that Filament A exhibits velocity gradients of ~6 km/s per degree normal to the filament axis. A similar effect is seen in Filaments B and C. Considering only Filament A, a rotation velocity of 1.8 km/s for a diameter of 0.?6 is estimated. ... It is found that for the choice of parameters shown in Table 2, the internal gas pressure exceeds that outside the filament if the distance is <210 pc, which means that if current flow is important in stabilizing this filament it must at the closer of the two distances considered. Otherwise the pressure term acts to confine the filament in the absence of current flow. _Examination of the data summarized in Tables 1 and 2 suggest that the dominant motion tending to disrupt the filaments may be rotation about their axes. Such rotation results from plasma flowing along the toroidal magnetic field lines generated by the current which produces the Bennett pinch to stabilize the filament. _4 - Conclusions _Our analysis suggests confirmation of the model proposed by Carlqvist (1988) and Carlqvist and Gahm (1992), that the physics of the generalized Bennett pinch applies to gaseous interstellar filaments. This has far-reaching implications for the study of the properties of interstellar matter. The role of large-scale currents may be far more important in defining interstellar structure than has generally been recognized within the astronomical community. Diffuse interstellar HI is clearly highly filamentary. In low-resolution surveys, the pervasiveness of filaments may have been overlooked by labeling localized enhancements in HI brightness as "clouds" defined as nearly spherically symmetric, bound entities. It is suggested that unless such features can be proven to have distinct three-dimensional boundaries under the pervasive influence of gravity or magnetism to maintain their morphology, the cloud concept may only apply to unusual structures in star forming regions where gravitationally-bound giant molecular clouds do appear to exist. Exploration of the model invoking current flow in interstellar space suggests that the strength of the toroidal magnetic field surrounding Filament alpha in the H0827+10 structure is 5 microG, relatively independent of any parameter other than distance, given a diameter and a column density of gas through the filament. The field strength is insensitive to the value of axial magnetic field strengths inside and outside the filaments, which have been assumed equal. The derived toroidal magnetic field strengths lie in the range where it was hoped that 21 cm Zeeman effect observations would be able to detect them. Currently two factors conspire to make such measurements very difficult. Toroidal magnetic fields in barely resolved filaments tend to cancel in the beam and for large angular diameter structures existing radio telescopes suffer from systematic effects that make detection of magnetic fields toward the edge of filaments especially challenging (Verschuur, 1995a,b). Work proceeds on examining available data to test the plasma model of filament creation and stabilization and plans are underway to look more carefully at specific HI features to relate structure to velocity in order to identify the existence of toroidal motion, the signature of the Bennett pinch.
Lloyd
Re: EU Theory Debate
Continuing with trying to post the essence of EU Theory here, I reduced the following two articles from above down to the essential statements. And after that I add important recent statements from this forum.
By the way, it's disappointing that there seems to be much less interest in this forum than there was a few years ago and that the EU team doesn't participate much in the forum, including friendly debating.
ELECTRIC GALACTIC FILAMENTS Molecular Cloud Filaments and Star Formation http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1988Ap%26SS.144...~ _One problem connected with many of the molecular clouds out of which stars may form consists in explaining how they once could be collected into filaments before the gravitational forces were strong enough to contract them. _Here the pinching effect due to electric currents offers an attractive mechanism .... _To exemplify this we consider a model of a weakly inoized and filamentary plasma cloud which mainly consists of hydrogen molecules of mass ~3 x 10^27 kg and temperature T ~ 20 K. _Matter may be collected to the filament either along the filamentary axis or transverse to it. _The pinching by filamentary currents may thus be an important mechanism in the formation phase of molecular clouds. _It is to be noticed that the currents needed for this process constitute only a small fraction of the total galactic current. _Hence, a great number of cloud-forming current filaments may exist simultaneously in the Galaxy. _When a cloud has become sufficiently condensed stars may be formed in it. _Dust existing in the cloud is then probably of vital importance for the formation process ....
INTERSTELLAR NEUTRAL HYDROGEN FILAMENTS AT HIGH GALACTIC LATITUDES AND THE BENNETT PINCH by Gerrit L Verschuur, Physics Dept, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA [url]http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-94-011-0405-0_18#page-2[/url] http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1995Ap%26SS.227..187V Astrophysics and Space Science 227: 187-198, 1995, c.1995 Kluwer Academic Publishers _Neutral hydrogen (HI) surveys at high galactic latitudes show that the interstellar gas is filamentary; _The motion within the filaments, determined by analysis of velocities along their axes, suggests the presence of wave patterns with amplitude 5 to 6 km/s on an angular scale similar to that seen in the spatial wave-like structure projected on the sky. _Furthermore, in this area of sky every so-called HI "cloud" (or enhanced emission feature; EEF) is found to be associated with a filament, while the "clouds" are usually found where the filaments show changes in the orientation of their axes, as if defining kinks in the filaments. _This raised the interesting possibility that a "cloud" of diffuse interstellar HI, defined by a localized enhancement of HI emission, might be a geometric illusion produced where a segment of filament twists into the line of sight. _Our third test of the twisted filament model involved observations of the Zeeman effect in HI emission profiles (Verschuur, 1995a,b). _The goal was to find evidence for magnetic fields in the 5-20 microGauss range, which could control gas motion in the filaments (Verschuur, 1991b). _After making appropriate corrections to the data, no evidence for magnetic fields in the 5-20 microGauss range in diffuse HI emission is found anywhere in the sky (Verschuur, 1995a,b). _The only magnetic fields in interstellar space of this order that have been observed are associated with dense HI structures ("clouds") adjacent to star forming regions, where the magnetic fields may have been amplified by shock compression (see Verschuur 1995c for a summary). _The general [] similarity between the dust and gas structures in Figs. 2 and 3 lends support to the notion that "clouds" in the diffuse interstellar medium, which are usually identified with brightness enhancements in HI of 100 micron area maps, are more likely to be produced by [] line-of-sight filament geometry than by simple "cloud" physics. _The temperature of dust in atomic filaments is around 30 K (Boulanger and Peratt, 1988; Verschuur et al., 1992) yet the observed HI emission linewidths are of order 4 km/s, which corresponds to ~340 K. _This disparity between expected gas temperature and observed linewidth has often been noted in the study of interstellar HI and turbulent motions have usually been blamed for the difference. _Here we suggest that the HI linewidth is broadened by the presence of rotation around the filament axis, which relates to the last term in Eq. (1). _Substitution into Eq. (1) shows that gravity plays no role in controlling the filament. _Most striking is the importance of rotation in determining the magnetic field required to constrain the filament. _Varying the rotation velocity from 1 to 4 km/s changes the required constraining toroidal magnetic field strength from 3.3 to 12.8 microGauss, which in turn requires a current of 0.9 to 3.4 x 10^13 A. _If we insist on an additional constraint, that the external gas pressure not dominate internal gas pressure, then the distance of the filament has to be <140 pc. _The role of large-scale currents may be far more important in defining interstellar structure than has generally been recognized within the astronomical community. _Diffuse interstellar HI is clearly highly filamentary. _In low-resolution surveys, the pervasiveness of filaments may have been overlooked by labeling localized enhancements in HI brightness as "clouds" defined as nearly spherically symmetric, bound entities. _It is suggested that unless such features can be proven to have distinct three-dimensional boundaries under the pervasive influence of gravity or magnetism to maintain their morphology, the cloud concept may only apply to unusual structures in star forming regions where gravitationally-bound giant molecular clouds do appear to exist.
==Postby Lloyd » Wed Mar 06, 2013 11:33 am http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.3403: The formation of filaments in interstellar clouds is a key component of the star formation process _New Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of the B59 and Stem regions in the Pipe Nebula complex, reveal[] a rich, organized network of filaments. _The asymmetric column density profiles observed for several filaments, along with the bow-like edge of B59, indicates that the Pipe Nebula is being compressed from its western side, most likely by the winds from the nearby Sco OB2 association. _We suggest that this compressive flow has contributed to the formation of some of the observed filamentary structures.
==Postby PersianPaladin » Thu Mar 28, 2013 4:16 pm _This paper by Mr. Verschuur [finds] magnetic fields and currents [] are the primary organising force[s] of [molecular] clouds: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00678079?LI=tr~ _In 1999, Richard M. Crutcher further confirmed the important role of magnetic fields [] in molecular cloud formation [and] in star formation: _"The measurements of magnetic field strengths in molecular clouds make it clear that magnetic fields are a crucial component of the physics governing cloud evolution and star formation." http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...520..706C _I previously posted the examples from Herschel observations of filaments in dusty interstellar clouds where stars have been found to be forming inside. _A filament can have a very low cross-sectional density of current flowing through it but have a very large Debye length and thus when pinched down (as a result of interactions with other filaments, or other areas of plasma) in certain very small regions - the current-density can vastly increase. _The energy can become focussed enough for the magnetic field to generate considerable instabilities in the current filament - in forms such as kinks, sausage instabilities, torroidal doughnuts, etc. _This is where Marklund Convection can come in as a force that can ionize neutral matter within a plasma and drag elements of different ionization potential further towards the axis of the column. _This inward convection was regarded by Anthony Perratt as highly efficient method for accumulating matter. _However, he did not say that it is highly efficient at "accreting" matter. _"When an electric field is present in a plasma and has a component perpendicular to a magnetic field, radial inward convection of the charged particles is possible. _"A stationary state occurs when the inward convection of ions and electrons toward the axis of a filament is matched by recombination and outward diffusion of neutralized plasma. _"The equilibrium density of the ionized component normally has a maximum at the axis (Fig. 3). _"However, because of the following mechanism, hollow cylinders, or modifications of hollow cylinders of matter, form about the flux tubes. http://www.plasmauniverse.info/downloads/Per.Ver.TPS00.pdf _The [] morphology [from] Marklund Convection inside a pinched filament is typically a [] tor[]oidal vortex - not spheres of accreted matter. _Given the filamentary zones of consistent width in which stars are being found to form in the densest filamentary regions ("hub regions") [] the EM force [should be] the initiating force, but a host of other forces [should] follow. _Once the matter starts to move radially inward via the electric and magnetic fields, ionized matter may be subject to [the Feynman] force _The Van Der Waals or London force may also be involved in drawing the heated pinched matter together into the form of a condensed spheroid. _The hot accreted matter may well be less dense than the colder surrounding plasma _It will isolate itself [] in a sealed chamber by forming a gas[-like] bubble. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...520..706C _Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds: Observations Confront Theory Crutcher, Richard M. The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 520, Issue 2, pp. 706-713. 08/1999 _Abstract: This paper presents a summary of all 27 available sensitive Zeeman measurements of magnetic field strengths in molecular clouds together with other relevant physical parameters. _From these data input parameters to magnetic star formation theory are calculated, and predictions of theory are compared with observations. _Results for this cloud sample are the following: _(1) Internal motions are supersonic but approximately equal to the Alfvén speed, which suggests that supersonic motions are likely MHD waves. _(2) The ratio of thermal to magnetic pressures beta_p~0.04, implying that magnetic fields are important in the physics of molecular clouds. _(3) The mass-to-magnetic flux ratio is about twice critical, which suggests but does not require that static magnetic fields alone are insufficient to support clouds against gravity. _(4) Kinetic and magnetic energies are approximately equal, which suggests that static magnetic fields and MHD waves are roughly equally important in cloud energetics. _(5) Magnetic field strengths scale with gas densities as |B|~rho^kappa with kappa~0.47 this agrees with the prediction of ambipolar diffusion driven star formation, but this scaling may also be predicted simply by Alfvénic motions. _The measurements of magnetic field strengths in molecular clouds make it clear that magnetic fields are a crucial component of the physics governing cloud evolution and star formation.
==Postby Lloyd » Wed Mar 06, 2013 8:53 pm _PP: What can produce [] intense bipolar magnetic radiative [galactic] lobes? _A dense plasmoid and periodic collapsing magnetic fields, exploding double-layers and perhaps a relaxation-oscillator effect as the environment surrounding the plasmoid builds up charge.
PLASMOID ANODE SUN ==Postby Lloyd » Tue Mar 26, 2013 3:03 pm Nebular Lightning & Meteoric Chondrules _Gamma-ray bursts and other sources of giant lightning discharges in protoplanetary systems - McBreen, B.; Winston, E.; McBreen, S.; Hanlon, L.; 2005 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A%26A...429L..41MER _Abstract: Lightning in the [original] solar nebula is considered to be one of the probable sources for producing the chondrules [spherulres similar to Martian blueberries and tektites] that are found in meteorites. _Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) provide a large flux of γ-rays that Compton scatter and create a charge separation in the gas because the electrons are displaced from the positive ions. >>[See Compton scattering: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_scattering] _The electric field easily exceeds the breakdown value [at which electric discharge occurs] of ≈1 V m-1 over distances of order 0.1 AU. _The energy in a giant lightning discharge exceeds a terrestrial lightning flash by a factor of ~10^12 [one trillion]. _The predicted post-burst emission of γ-rays from accretion into the newly formed black hole or spin-down of the magnetar [plasmoid actually] is sufficiently intense to cause a lightning storm in the nebula that lasts for days and is more probable than the GRB because the radiation is beamed into a larger solid angle. _The giant outbursts from nearby soft gamma-ray repeater sources (SGRs) are also capable of causing giant lightning discharges. _The total amount of chondrules produced is in reasonable agreement with the observations of meteorites. >>[How many is that per what volume?] _Furthermore in the case of GRBs most chondrules were produced in a few major melting events by nearby GRBs and lightning occurred at effectively the same time over the whole nebula, and provide accurate time markers to the formation of chondrules and evolution of the [original] solar nebula. _This model provides a reasonable explanation for the delay between the formation of calcium aluminium inclusions (CAIs) and chondrules.
==Postby PersianPaladin » Wed Mar 27, 2013 9:32 am http://electric-cosmos.org/sun.htm _Evidence for a pinched current at the poles: polar magnetic field strength at solar minima [is] anomalously high _Don Scott: "In light of data received from the Ulysses probe (1990-2008) it is now known that there are strong [spiral?] magnetic fields above the Sun's poles. _Such spiral fields cannot exist in the absence of strong spiral electric currents. _The spirals apparently get tighter (narrower, more dense) as they near the solar surface. _Thus we conclude that the solar polar regions may experience vastly stronger current densities than lower latitude regions http://electric-cosmos.org/SolarElecFlux2013.pdf
==Postby PersianPaladin » Thu Mar 28, 2013 4:16 pm _Wal Thornhill: Just as the Sun is driven fastest at the equator, so the Faraday motor effect of the encircling plasmoid drives Saturn's atmosphere faster at the equator than at higher latitudes. http://www.holoscience.com/wp/megalightning-at-saturn/ _PP: how powerful do the magnetic fields need to be in the tor[]oidal []structure [of] a plasmoid? _If there isn't an external electric current powering our Sun [] perhaps the charge is being bled out at a [slow] rate _But [then] have scientists measured an INCREASE in the solar magnetic field over the 20th century? _This seems to account for the rise in temperature from the mid 20th century too. _The Anode-Sun model [] can account for the solar cycle, the stronger EM fields at the poles, the apparent even-ratio of electrons and positive ionsprotons in the solar wind (via the "positive column" Geissler Tube analogy), the structure of the chromosphere relative to the photosphere (with both zones forming different regions of one double-layer) _Comet nuclei [] are electrically charged bodies [that] register [low density] masses [] yet they look like solid rock. _It is their appearance, together with the recently recovered high-temperature minerals (rock particles) from a comet, that give the accurate picture. http://www.holoscience.com/wp/electric-gravity-in-an-electr~
Siggy_G
Re: EU Theory Debate
Lloyd wrote: By the way, it's disappointing that there seems to be much less interest in this forum than there was a few years ago and that the EU team doesn't participate much in the forum, including friendly debating.
"Keep it simple" and " Too Long; Didn't Read" are probably relevant feedback in this regard, with all due respect. I think many reads these forum posts with interest, but one have to dedicate a lot of time to digest the full debate even on a small topic, and it takes some time to set up feedback posts that include references, as I'm sure you know. The larger subjects/threads that incorporate debates from previous threads and even external sites requires even more study time. Not saying that the pace of the discussions should reduce, but I think the time they require from any contributor may exclude many from participating. E.g. when it becomes evident that there are numerous electric sun models and personal modifications of these, then how does one approach the debate?
However, setting up an overview like it seems this thread will lead to is probably a good approach. Separate threads for separate topics is also good. Brief quotes from e.g. an abstract with the link to the full paper/debate is also easier to digest. As for me, I'll try to participate when I have time, as I have collected some material on some of these topics.
Lloyd
Re: EU Theory Debate
Star Formation at Z-Pinch The following is from page 3 of the thread by the above name. I think there's pretty good evidence in previous posts on this thread that most of the interstellar matter in galaxies occur within electric filaments, but so far I haven't read convincing evidence that magnetic pinches of electric currents can form dense balls of plasma, like meteors, planetoids or stars. Ball lightning doesn't seem to be dense, though it may be, since their explosions are said to be very loud. Even Martian blueberries formed in the lab, seem to be simply melted soil, similar to fulgurites that are produced by lightning by melting sand. So far it looks like galactic filament currents are too weak to form celestial objects. But if anyone has good evidence of dense plasma balls formed by electric discharges from air or thin plasma, please post it here.
Streams of Mixed Stars star formation at z-pinch = celeste » Thu Mar 14, 2013 12:41 pm _"old" white dwarf[s] [are] mixed in here and there in a stream of "younger" stars. _We really should pay attention to these local "streams" of stars. _there will be objections. _"If the mainstream thinks redshift is radial velocity, can we trust their ideas of stellar motions?" "If the mainstream gets everything from 390 LY, to 440 LY for the Pleiades parallax, can we trust their distance measurements?" _Keep in mind, though, we are not looking to do numerical analysis yet. _If all the mainstream can give us is "In this general direction, there is a group of stars running across our field of view one way, and behind them is a stream running another way",that is important. _In the short term, we are having trouble "seeing" current filaments in space. _If we can take a look at the streams of stars, we may have a clue where these filaments are running. _If we do end up observing filaments in space, that is where the mainstream's work is going to really help us. _We would like to see their "streams" being mapped onto our filaments. _For example, if they determine that a stream of stars has a high common proper motion across the sky, but only a little bit of spread in individual velocities, we might expect to see a gently spiraling current filament. _If they see a stream of stars with a large spread in individual velocities (which they see as binary pairs in the stream), we may see a more tightly wound filament pair. Maybe. _It depends on which EU idea is right about where stars form in or between filaments. _With that in mind, if they ever discover a stream of stars, with massive (fast orbiting) stars clumped in one section of the stream, that will get my attention. _That is the motion I would expect to see near a z-pinch, if stars form in individual filaments, and spiral around the pinch point. _If we end up seeing a stream of stars all traveling together through the same region of space, and end up observing filaments of "ionized gas" all running through that space in a totally different direction, then any of the EU theories of star formation I've seen so far, are all in a great deal of trouble. _Even I may start saying things like," stars form when gravitational collapse induces nuclear fusion".
Spiral Arm Electric Currents & Chimneys ==postby celeste » Thu Mar 14, 2013 1:20 pm nick c wrote: Celeste, That is a nice site. _Wal Thornhill showed how currents should flow along the spiral arms of a galaxy. _But that must lead to secondary currents spiraling around the arms. _Those currents should cross through the galactic plane, between the arms (just like our local chimney, and the chimneys seen in other galaxies). _Those currents shouldn't cross straight through the galactic plane, because they are also spiraling ALONG the arms. _The currents should cut through the galactic plane at an angle (again, just like the local chimney does). _Now those secondary currents could drive motion of other stars in the galactic plane. _Those stars would have a motion that was more or less in the galactic plane, just "bobbing up and down" through the plane. _Which is where our sun comes in. _Now, if that current in the local chimney, is really what is driving the sun's motion, then it should be driving our precession too. _And that's where the whole thing started for me. _Our axis of precession lies nearly 90 degrees away from the Pleiades. _That's what we expect if a current running through the Pleiades generated a magnet field out by us.
Chimney Predictions & Light Bending ==postby celeste » Fri Mar 15, 2013 11:46 am _If we are willing to consider that an electric current does flow through the local chimney, what are some of the observations we may expect? _We know from Marklund convection, that we should have two things happening. _1. We should have neutrals being forced outward. _The fact that the chimney has a low density of neutrals, and is surrounded by a wall of dense neutral gas, both look promising here. _2. More importantly, we should also have ions and electrons drifting toward the central axis. _Leading to increasing plasma density, until (if) we get those stable shells of ions based on ionization potential. _So, how do we look for changes in plasma density? _Well, if we have strong enough gradients, then according to Edward Dowdye's work, we should have bending of light, in the direction of increasing plasma density. _The Pleiades stream is near the center of our chimney (which is why the mainstream suspected stars here may have formed the local bubble). _The Pleiades cluster in particular, is near the galactic plane. _and we know the chimney is narrowest there (it opens above and below the galactic plane). _So, we have a lot of fast spinning, blue stars, at what looks like the narrowest section of a current filament. _We may expect to find observable bending of light there. _Which brings us to the Pleiades distance problem. _We've talked about this before. _The Hipparcos team measures direct parallax distance to the Pleiades, the Hubble team measures relative parallax. _They get significantly different answers (~390 vs ~440 L.Y.), yet each team insists they are right. _It shouldn't matter whether you use direct or relative parallax to measure distances, the answer should be the same. _Unless, of course, light from distant stars (used in relative parallax) is bent towards the Pleiades. _That would skew the relative parallax distance towards the longer direction.
Stars in Filaments ==postby Lloyd » Fri Mar 15, 2013 3:19 pm _I posted a couple of images of stars within filaments at http://thunderbolts.info/forum/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=10&am~. _Have any of you seen those images before? = ==postby celeste » Sat Mar 16, 2013 1:01 am _Yes, those stars are in the filaments. _First Nick. The article said we have "star formation within the high density cores and filaments of the Taurus cloud". _You realize that if we have a current running through the local chimney, and crossing through the galactic plane near Taurus, the current is running across our field of view at that point. _We then have a magnetic field circling the current. _Therefore, we have particles (charged and neutrals along with them), coming towards us on one side of the current filament, following across the magnetic field, and spiraling away from us on the other side. _That is, we can trace a particle with velocity towards us on one side of the filament, watch its velocity change as it follows the magnetic field across the filament, to where it is receding on the other side of the filament. _So now, here is the [Taurus Cloud] article: http://arxiv.org/abs/0802.2084 ==postby seasmith » Sat Mar 16, 2013 7:21 pm _ celeste, i guess you're invoking the "right-hand-rule", from local perspective, here ?
Anisotropies Show Galactic Filaments ==postby celeste » Sun Mar 17, 2013 12:55 pm _seasmith [] Yes, let's say, for the sake of argument, we have a current running left to right across our field of view. _This leads to a magnetic field around it, straight up and down across our field of view. _Particles have two motions _1. they spiral around filament, towards us on one side, across the filament, and then away from us. _(the mainstream would observe a velocity anisotropy that was exactly aligned with the magnetic field). _2. particles travel down the filament (which is why the velocity anisotropy is not exactly aligned with the magnetic field). _This should help us, since we have such trouble seeing current filaments directly. _We can look at the particles we do see, and look for a huge magnetic aligned particle velocity anisotropy (here?: http://www.space.com/17707-the-hidden-fires-of-the-flame-ne~) _or [look for] a smaller weakly aligned anisotropy (here?: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cygnus-loop.gif) _This is not far different from what I wanted someone to look at for stars (not particles) in the double helix nebula. _we should see a systematic skewing of redshifts for stars on one side of the filament, compared to the other. _I know redshift does not always equal radial velocity, but a component OF redshift must come from radial velocity.
Heat Dissipation in LIRG Star Forming Filaments ==postby celeste » Sat Mar 30, 2013 11:41 am _http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamaser If you read the section "Hydroxyl megamasers" under "Hosts and environment", They have made some interesting correlations. _High star formation [correlate with] high molecular densities in luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs), especially in those with masers. _and "The far infrared luminosity and dust temperature of a LIRG both affect the likelihood of hosting an hydroxyl megamaser". _Is it that star formation provides the light that heats the dust, which then gives off the infrared? _Or is it the high temperature absorbed (and also re-radiated) by the dust, that aids in star formation? _If current filaments tend to eject neutrals, then how do we get star formation? By recombination. _But if we take a case like the local chimney (a "tube" of hot sparse plasma, surrounded by a dense wall of neutral gas), how do we get recombination, out of a hot,sparse plasma? _A z-pinch takes care of the "sparse", but how do we get rid of the heat? We transfer it to walls. _We have all the ingredients here. _We see the high dust temperatures, from absorption of heat. _We see infrared, from radiation of heat. _And we see the masering, which happens when we have inverted populations, (like when a hot, sparse plasma meets a wall of neutral material). _They discuss whether radiation or collisions are doing the pumping, but in a z-pinch, we have both. _Charges spiraling inward to a central axis leads to both radiation, and collisions. _My point is, again, I don't believe we have neutral matter funneled in to z-pinch. _If anything we should have more and more neutral matter ejected as we near z-pinch. ==postby celeste » Sat Mar 30, 2013 1:18 pm _Or one more time More of this: http://s5.goodfon.com/image/403628-3269x1908.jpg always leads to more of this: http://images.sky-map.org/star_image/001/001018.jpeg _I just want to stress, that it is BECAUSE neutral matter does not stay in the filaments, that we get star formation.
Theta Pinches Form Prolate Bodies ==postby Frederic Jueneman » Mon Apr 08, 2013 8:50 pm _Cosmic plasma filaments which occur seem to be controlled by a Bennett z-pinch effect. _These also in turn seem to be punctuated at certain discreet distances by a Bennett theta-pinch where neutral matter is accumulated and compressed into a prolate body. _This body may be either a star, proto-star, or planetary.
Pleiades Gould's Belt Chimney ==postby celeste » Mon Apr 08, 2013 10:21 pm _Let's look at a case where we can actually see a plasma torus around a pinched current filament: Gould's Belt is a plasma torus around the pinch in the local chimney filament. _We know the local chimney (with the Pleiades stream running through it), is surrounded by a wall of neutral gas, which narrows (pinches) near the galactic plane. _Around this pinch circles the Gould belt, perpendicular to the axis of the chimney (see pages7-8 http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0303516.pdf ) _The stars in the Gould's Belt seem to be spiraling quickly around the chimney (leading to the conclusion here http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512567 " _Our constructed proper rotation curve for the sample of young stars in the Gould Belt suggests that it's mass is substantial). _From http://www.mpia-hd.mpg.de/homes/stein/EPoS/Hua-bai.Li.php get that they can see filamentary structure in the Gould Belt that can be explained by "dynamically dominant magnetic fields". _Finally,remember that they found the Belt to be a "massive ring-like structure" http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/goulds-b.htm, _So do we agree that the local chimney looks like a filament, and Goulds belt shows signs of being a magnetically dominated torus located right at (and perpendicular to)the pinch? _If you agree, we can proceed to talk about what we see in stars and gas of Gould's Belt. _We can help the mainstream solve the "paradox" that young stars in Gould's Belt seem to show a slower rotation than older stars (mentioned here http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512567) _[Some ask] how a ring of circling gas and stars, can stay intact, embedded in and inclined to the galactic plane.
Lloyd
Re: EU Theory Debate
Chimney at Gould's Belt Not a Filament This paper that Celeste linked to seems to show that the chimney at Gould's Belt is a splash tube resulting from a molecular cloud that impacted the galactic disk. It's a tube shape whose cross-section has morphed over time from circular to elliptical. This says Smith's Cloud seems to be a similar cloud that will eventually impact the disk. They say the cloud is held together by dark matter, but we can easily imagine that it means electric attraction. Since the Sun is well within the tube, it appears that the cloud impacted the Sun and a large area around it. Now we'll have to figure out how these molecular clouds get formed out of the galactic plane and then move toward the plane at high velocity. The second paper below, also linked by Celeste, gives more detailed info, but I'm submitting only the more relevant statements, I think.
Gould's Belt / Ring and Disk http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/goulds-b.htm ==JCMT Gould's Belt Legacy Survey _Our Sun, Sol, is located with[in] 200 parsecs (650 light-years) of the center of Gould's Belt (more). ==A Ring of Star-forming Clouds and Bright Stars ==A luminous, rotating ring or belt of star-forming regions of molecular clouds and very bright, young, and massive bluish stars are located within 1,600 light-years (500 parsecs or pc) of Sol (Spitzer Gould's Belt Survey). _Commonly called Gould's Belt or Ring, the structure of around a million Solar-masses spans some 3,000 light-years (ly) and encompasses most of the most massive stars (conspicuous but short-lived spectral type B stars) in the Solar neighborhood, _[It also includes] their much more numerous but dimmer sibling stars and x-ray bright, stellar remnants in a disk within the ring — _[This] includes a "local bubble" that is actually a tubular, "local chimney" of relative low-density but hot and ionized gas created by supernovae (Kenji Bekki, 2009; Ken Croswell, 2005; and Guillout et al, 1998). _[That's] According to the JCMT Gould's Belt Legacy Survey. _Sol is actually located some 650 light-years (200 pc) off the approximate center of this massive ring-like structure, _[The structure] is tilted around 18 to 20 degrees to the Galactic Plane and does not appear to have been generated as part of the Milky Way's spiral structure. _Since its creation some 30 million years ago, the rotation of the Milky Way has stretched the initial circular structure into an oval _([The oval] encompasses loose clusters of young bright, massive stars in constellations Cepheus, Centaurus, Lacerta, Lupus, Orion, Perseus, Scorpius, and Vela, -[It also includes] other conspicuously bright, massive stars in Canis Major, Carina, Crux, Ophiuchus, Puppis, Serpens, and Taurus). ==J. Carpenter, T.H. Jarrett, and R. Hurt; 2MASS ==Larger illustration (view towards galactic core from Sol). _The structure of bright stars and star-forming nebulae extends some 3,000 light-years in width, at a near 20-degree angle to the galactic plane []. _[] in 1874, the entire ring was observed from Argentina by Benjamin Apthorp Gould (1824-96), who wrote that a "great circle or zone of bright stars seems to gird the sky, intersecting with the Milky Way at the Southern Cross, and manifest at all seasons" (Ken Croswell, 2005). _However, most of the mass of the structure actually resides in interstellar gas and dust (including the well-[k]nown Orion Nebula and the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex) and in dimmer stars.
Origins of the Ring and Disk _Gould's Belt does not appear to have formed through the shock waves created by a supernova[], which lacks sufficient punch as evidenced in the lack of similar structures created by past supernovae (Stuart Clark, New Scientist, November 23, 2009; and Ken Croswell, 2005). _Such an explosion would have compressed the interstellar gas within a giant star-forming, molecular cloud in all directions from the supernova[]. _Moreover, astronomers have not been able to explain why the resulting structure would be tilted near 20 degrees from the galactic plane and protrude so much out of the galactic disk. _While multiple supernovae have been proposed, the lack of similar structures in nearby spiral arms does not support such a scenario. ==Bill Saxton; Lockman et al, 2007; ==Larger radio image. Gould's Belt or disk may have been created when a massive cloud of gas, embedded with a halo of ["]dark matter["] collided with the disk of the Milky Way galaxy some 30 million years ago, like incoming Smith's Cloud at left. ==In the mid-1990s, astronomer Fernando Comerón suggested that a high-velocity cloud of intergalactic gas fell into the Milky Way's disk and collided with a giant molecular cloud at a near 20-degree angle to the galactic disk (Stuart Clark, New Scientist, November 23, 2009; and Comerón and Torra, 1994). _The resulting shock waves would have compressed interstellar gas within the tilted disk of the impact to set off a massive burst of star-formation. _This structure of star-forming nebulae is still marked by bright B-type dwarf as well as giant and supergiant stars in the larger Solar neighborhood and by the galactic superbubbles and stellar remnants created by the supernovae of the shortest-lived, most massive O-type stars created in the collision. _Comerón's scenario, however, was considered to be unlikely for a tenuous gas cloud until astronomers came to realize that such clouds could be held together by a massive clump of ["]dark matter["]. _In 2007, a similar collision with the Milky Way was projected for Smith's Cloud within 20 to 40 million years, which is now believed to be surrounded by a massive halo of ["]dark matter["] so that the entire incoming object has a "tidal mass" of some 300 million Solar-masses. ==Bill Saxton, GBT, ==Larger illustration. _Smith's Cloud is approaching the Milky Way's disk at a 45-degree angle and with a speed exceeding over 150 miles (240 kilometers) per second.
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3D dynamical evolution of the interstellar gas in the Gould Belt http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0303516.pdf Apr 2003 Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. February 2, 2008 Christophe A. Perrot and Isabelle A. Grenier Universit ́e Paris VII & CEA/Saclay, Service d'Astrophysique, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France _Abstract. The dynamical evolution of the Gould Belt has been modeled in 3D and confronted to the spatial and velocity distributions of all HI and H2 clouds found within a few hundred parsecs from the Sun and to the Hipparcos distances of the nearby OB associations. _The model describes the expansion of a shock wave that sweeps momentum from the ambient medium. _It includes the effects of the Galactic differential rotation and its gravitational torque, as well as interstellar density gradients within and away from the Galactic plane, possible fragmentation and drag forces in the late stages, and an initial rotation of the system. _The evolved Belt geometry and velocity field have been fitted to the directions and velocities of the nearby clouds using a maximum-likelihood test. _The likelihood function also included a distance estimate for a subset of well-known clouds. _The best fit to the data yields values for the current Belt semi-axes of (373 ± 5) pc and (233 ± 5) pc, and an inclination of 17.2◦ ± 0.5◦. _These characteristics are consistent with earlier results, but a different Belt orientation has been found because of the presence of new molecular clouds and the revised distance information: _the Belt centre currently lies (104 ± 4) pc away from the Sun, towards the Galactic longitude l centre = 180.4◦ ± 2.0◦, and the ascending node longitude is l Ω = 296.1◦ ± 2.0◦. _but the Belt expansion bears little relation to the average association velocities and the younger ones are surprisingly found farther out from the Belt center. _An initial kinetic energy of (1.0 ± 0.1) 10^45 J and an expansion age of (26.4 ± 0.4) Myr are required, in good agreement with earlier 2D estimates.
Introduction _The Gould Belt is a nearby starburst region where many stars have formed over 30 to 40 million years in a surprisingly flat and inclined disc. _New facets of its activity have recently emerged at high energy with the discovery of a population of γ-ray sources associated with it (Grenier 2000; Gehrels et al. 2000). _As supernova relics, [pulsar] sources have drawn attention to the enhanced supernova rate inside the Gould Belt, which has been estimated to be 3 to 5 times higher tha[n] in the local Galactic disc. _In other words 20 to 27 supernovae have occurred in the Belt per million year over the past few million years (Grenier 2000). _Besides its peculiar geometry, this system of early-type stars is known to expand, and to rotate in the same direction as the galactic rotation. _The Gould Belt also contains interstellar clouds and Lindblad (1967) gave strong evidence for the Belt relation to a locally expanding HI ring. _Famous H2 complexes, such as Orion and Ophiuchus, are often mentioned in relation to the Belt and the fact that nearby dark clouds participate to the Belt expansion was recognized by Taylor et al. (1987). _Comeŕon et al. (1994) concluded that 40% to 50% of the young massive stars (with spectral types earlier than B8) that lie within 450 pc from the Sun belong to the Belt. _The new Hipparcos data bring this fraction to 60% for stars within 600 pc and a Belt age of 30 to 60 Myr (Torra et al. 2000). _Young (30–80 Myr old) Lithium-rich solar-mass stars with active coronae show up as X-ray sources and nicely trace the Belt in the sky (Guillout et al. 1998). _Even though the X-ray horizon is limited by interstellar absorption to 100 or 150 pc for these faint sources, their space distribution indicates that stellar formation is not only active along the Belt rim, but also inward, over a significant, yet poorly constrained, radial extent. _Comeŕon (1999) has explored the stellar vertical motions and found that the rotating stellar disc was initially tilted. _Its rotation axis was not perpendicular to the Galactic plane as would be expected from the disruption of a giant rotating molecular cloud. _The Belt flatness and its tilt, some 20◦ to the Galactic plane, bear important information on the Belt origin, but remain very difficult to interpret. _The measured Oort constants of the stellar field are consistent with a cloud impact about 50 Myr ago (Comer ́on & Torra 1994). _On the other hand, an explosive event would explain the kinematics of the cold neutral medium at |b|≥ 10◦ (Poppel & Marronetti 2000). _In 1982, Olano studied the expansion, within the Galactic plane, of an initially circular shock wave.
2.1. Dynamical evolution _The model does not attempt to explain the origin of the outburst, but describes the lateral expansion of an inclined, cylindrical shock wave that sweeps momentum from the ambient interstellar medium. _As a consequence of the Galactic differential rotation, the circular section of the Belt rapidly evolves into an elliptical one. _The initial Belt geometry is described by a limited set of free parameters: its inclination with respect to the Galactic plane, φ.0; the longitude of its ascending node, l0 Ω; the constant cylinder height, H; the longitude and distance from the Sun of its centre, d.0 centre and l0 centre; its age, τ; the initial mass and velocity of the ejecta, M.0 and v.0 . _The expelled mass was uniformly distributed along the Belt. _The Belt centre was assumed to be initially located in the Galactic plane, at z = 0. _The resulting geometry and dynamics appear to be independent of the presence or not in the fit of the Taurus clouds which, since they lie near the centre, do not participate to the expansion of the Belt rim. _The current Belt geometry is close to that depicted in the T = 30 Myr plot and the last plot illustrates how the Belt may fall back onto the Galactic disc within 10 to 15 Myr. _The height that best fits the data is H = 60 ± 1 pc. _The expansion proceeds faster at higher z altitudes because of the reduced ambient interstellar density. _The inclined Belt starts by rapidly expanding out of the Galactic disc. _Its shape gradually narrows into an ellipse that precesses because of the swept-up momentum from the interstellar gas and its differential rotation. _The inclination also decreases with time and the disc gets clearly warped because of the gravitational pull from the Galactic disc. _Figure 1 shows the trace of the Belt across the sky in longitude and latitude. _Figure 2 shows the cloud distribution in longitude and velocity, as well as the velocity field of the present rim.
4.1. Geometry _The present ellipse has a semi-major axis a = 354 ± 5 pc and a semi-minor axis b = 232 ± 5 pc, in good agreement with the dimensions of 360 by 210 pc and 341 by 267 pc derived by Olano (1982) and Moreno et al. (1999) from the sole HI data when modelling the expansion of Fig.4. _The Belt expands and is further distorted by the combined effects of the Galactic differential rotation, interstellar density gradients above the Galactic plane, and the gravitational pull of the Galactic disc. _The maximum-likelihood fit also yields a present inclination φ = 17.2◦ ± 0.3◦ on the Galactic plane that nicely compares with the stellar estimates. _We find a position and orientation that significantly differ from previous estimates. _The Belt centre is found at a distance d today centre = 104 ± 4 pc from the Sun, in the direction l today centre = 180◦ ± 2◦. _The ellipse axes also point to a different direction.
4.2. Effects of an initial rotation, shell fragmentation and Galactic plane crossing _A more realistic braking of the shell has been introduced in the late stages of the evolution by gradually applying a drag force on the shell elements when their velocity falls into the 30 to 10 km s − 1 interval. _The crossing of the Galactic plane results in an hour-glass like distorsion of the shell because of the interstellar density gradient implying different expansion velocities in and out of the Galactic disc. _This set of results show that the dominant factor in the shell dynamics and final velocity distribution is the momentum accreted from the interstellar gas. _Figueras & Blasi (1998) indeed found that photometric ages of rotating B7-A4 stars are overestimated by 30 to 50% on average.
4.4. Input energy _The expansion results from an initial kinetic energy input of (1.0 ± 0.1) x 10^45 J which is comparable, but slightly higher than the energy of 6.1 x 10^44 J required in the 2D expansion model of Olano (1982). _This is due to the extra amount of work needed to expand against the gravitational pull of the Galactic disc in the early phases. _The energy budget is also typical of a hypernova powering a γ-ray burst event. _The energy budget can also be accounted for by the potential energy of high-velocity clouds falling on the Galactic disc (Comeŕon & Torra 1992; Comeŕon et al. 1994).
4.5. Mass accretion _The swept-up mass in the evolved shell is found to be 2.4 x 10^5 M. _The nodal line of maximum accretion is close to the Belt nodal line, illustrating the importance of the Belt tilt and of the vertical density gradient. _In other words, the Belt accretes more near the Galactic disc.
4.6. The Belt wave and the OB associations _The velocity field of the nearby young stellar groups (see Figure 5 in Lindblad et al. (1997)) suggests a stream-like motion spreading out of the Belt region. _Because of the frictionless motion of the stars in the Galactic potential, one expects older stellar groups, born in a faster expanding Belt shell, to travel farther out than younger groups born from a slowed-down Belt. _The opposite situation is observed in Figure 9 where younger OB associations are found at larger radii than older ones (notice in particular the LCC/UCL/US and the Ori1 a/b/c sequences). _The current data suggests that the Belt wave triggers star formation when overtaking a cloud and that the association average velocity does not relate to that of the progenitor cloud.
5. Conclusion _The Gould Belt expansion has been modeled in 3D and has been fitted against the current direction and velocity of the H2 and HI clouds that are found in the solar neighbourhood. _Due to the combined effects of the Galactic differential rotation, its gravitational pull, and the interstellar density gradients, the present Belt section has evolved into a slightly warped ellipse, _While these characteristics nicely compare with previous estimates, a different Belt orientation has been found that is driven by the presence of new major H2 complexes and the revised distance information used here from Hipparchos measurements. _The Belt position and orientation are found to coincide with the main OB associations and molecular clouds in our vicinity. _On the other hand, the swept-up mass distribution along the Belt rim, for a total of 2.4 x 10^5 M, is reasonably consistent with the cloud distribution. _The initial kinetic energy of E i = (1.0 ± 0.1) x 10^45 J amounts to that of 10 supernovae, as previously proposed by several authors. _Important biases in the photometric derivation of stellar ages for rapidly rotating stars have been reported that could help solve this discrepancy.
Lloyd
Re: EU Theory Debate
Thunderbolts.info on Electric Filaments & Plasmoids I'm still trying to get detailed info about whether and how electric filaments can form stars etc. This info below is from the Essential Guide and from TPODs on these subjects. "Essential Guide to the EU": Plasmoid http://thunderbolts.info 9.3 Other Filamentary Instabilities _Filamentary currents are subject to a pinch force, as we have seen. _However the simple pinch is itself unstable in a number of circumstances. _If the pinch force increases and causes a contraction, this results in a further increase in the pinch force. _[I think what they mean is that, as the magnetic field reduces the cross-sectional area of the current, the current speeds up through the narrower opening and the increased speed increases the magnetic field, which further narrows the opening etc.] _The current filament can become so constricted that it forms into a series of bulges and constrictions like a string of sausages. __Photo of kink or "sausage" instability in one of the earliest plasma z-pinch devices, a Pyrex tube used by the AEI team at Aldermaston, UK, circa 1951/52 —public domain _If the axial current is strong enough, then the pinches can eventually collapse [the current channel opening] completely. _In this case, the axial current is diverted into a ring current in the pinched zones, and donut-shaped magnetic plasmoids develop along the line of the filament. _If matter has already been concentrated into the filament then this matter will be distributed along the line of the field-aligned current like pearls on a string. _This could explain many linear alignments of bodies in space. _Credit: Figure 3.b) from "Characterizing interstellar filaments with Herschel in IC 5146", Astronomy and Astrophysics Letter to the Editor, 529, L6 (2011)" by D. Arzoumanian et al., with explanatory notes added _The figure above has overlaid blue "ridge lines" along the lines of greatest filament density as seen in infrared wavelengths in this region. _ A survey of the 27 filament segments showed that the characteristic filament width is ~ 0.1 parsec (1/3 light year) regardless of length. _Star forming areas and protostellar "cores" were found preferentially situated along the ridge line areas in these interstellar filaments.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2011/arch11/110805siesta.~ A Solar Siesta Aug 05, 2011 _The Electric Universe theory proposes that stars are primarily electrical phenomena ... _celestial bodies exist in conducting cosmic plasma and are connected by electric circuits. _The Sun is "plugged-in" to a galactic power source and behaves like an electric motor and electric light. _The faster rotation of the solar equator is prima facie evidence of an external force acting to offset the momentum loss of the solar wind. _Electric stars are not born from cold nebular clouds. _Rather, their genesis resides in the electric currents induced in moving plasma. [But there are moving plasma, electric currents and electric discharges in nebular clouds.] _The electric currents induce their own encircling magnetic field, which "pinches" the currents to flow in filaments. _Photographs of plasma in the laboratory show those currents forming twisted filament pairs called "Birkeland currents." _*Birkeland currents follow magnetic field lines, drawing ionized gas and dust from their surroundings and then "pinching" it into heated blobs called plasmoids. _As the so-called "z-pinch" effect increases, it strengthens the magnetic field, further increasing the z-pinch. _The resulting plasmoids form spinning electrical discharges that glow first as red stars, then "switch discharge modes" into yellow stars, some intensifying into brilliant ultraviolet arcs, driven externally by the Birkeland currents that created them.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2004/arch/041004cosmic-th~ Oct 04, 2004 Mystery of the Cosmic Thunderbolt (2) _Ancient descriptions suggest that the "lightning of the gods"--the cosmic thunderbolt--altered the order of the heavens and changed planetary history _the cosmic thunderbolt [] was not a bolt of lightning [but] a plasmoid, a configuration typically formed at the "z- pinch" of interacting electrical currents. _In intensely energetic plasma discharges, a plasmoid can evolve violently, through a series of metamorphoses, or quasi-stable phases
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2010/arch10/100302stretch~ Black Holes Stretch the Truth Mar 02, 2010 _Compression zones (z-pinches) in the plasma filaments form plasmoids that become the stars and galaxies. _Electricity is responsible for the birth of stars, and when the current density gets too high the double layers in the circuit catastrophically release their excess energy and appear as gamma ray bursts or x-rays or flares of ultraviolet light. _Infrared and x-ray telescopes have confirmed the existence of a plasma-focus plasmoid at the core of the Milky Way. _This high-energy electrical formation is the heart of the galactic circuit. _Since dust blocks visible light, viewing the core has not been possible until the advent of telescopes that can "see" infrared and x-ray light, which can penetrate dust. _The x-ray radiation from the plasmoid is typical of that given off by highly excited stars, indicating extremely strong electrical stress. _*The strong electrical field in the plasmoid acts as a particle accelerator. _Electrons accelerated to high speeds will spiral in a magnetic field and give off x-rays. _*In a galactic circuit, electrical power flows inward along the spiral arms, lighting the stars as it goes, and is concentrated and stored in the central plasmoid. _*When the plasmoid reaches a threshold density, it discharges, usually along the galaxy's spin axis. _This process can be replicated in a laboratory with the plasma focus device. _*The discharge forms a jet of neutrons, heavy ions, and electrons. _*The neutrons decay to form concentrations of matter that appear as quasars. _Electromagnetic forces confine the jet to thin filaments that remain coherent for thousands of light-years. _The jet usually ends in double layers that extend for many times the size of the galaxy and radiate copiously in radio frequencies. _The diffuse currents then flow toward the galaxy's equatorial plane and spiral back toward the core.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2010/arch10/101118physics~ Supernatural Physics Nov 18, 2010 _As Electric Universe theory states, a supernova is an exploding star, but not in the conventional sense. _Rather, it constitutes the explosion of a double layer in plasma. _The power comes from external electric currents flowing through vast circuits in space, so the radiation from stars is due to discharges that vary in strength. _It is those electric arcs that make up the stellar corona, chromosphere and photosphere of our Sun, for instance. [But there's a big difference in density between the photosphere and the solar atmosphere. The only arcing is in the photosphere.] _Supernovae are the result of a stellar "open circuit" in the galactic power supply. _The result is the same as sometimes occurs in high-voltage switching yards, with extensive arcing. _In an exploding double layer, the energy of an entire circuit might flow into the explosion, increasing its expansion far from the surface of the star. _Radiation from the double layer shines in ultraviolet or X-ray wavelengths, sometimes emitting bursts of gamma rays. _It was those effects that should have been considered when SN 1979C was first identified.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2011/arch11/110524eggs.htm The Eggs of the Thunderbird May 24, 2011 _Black spherules produced by an electric discharge (18 April 2010) Courtesy of: Vemasat Research Institute, Colleyville, Texas, United States of America. http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2010/ ... herule.jpg _lightning can leave lasting impressions in the landscape _Fulgurites – also familiar as 'petrified lightning' – are amorphous, sometimes tubular structures formed when quartz sand is fused under the influence of a lightning strike. _Can atmospheric plasma produce similar transformations on the surface of other material than sand? _An affirmative answer is suggested by recent experiments conducted by the American plasma physicist, C.J. Ransom, and the Australian physicist, Wallace Thornhill. _The pair discovered that spherules are often created when an electrical discharge is unleashed upon materials as diverse as a piece of iron oxide, carbonates, manganese dioxide, aluminium, magnesium silicate, rutile, perlite, diatomaceous earth, and hematite. _A large set of superstitions and mythical traditions worldwide are concerned with 'eggs' and 'boulders' deposited on occasion of lightning flashes or other luminous transient events in the atmosphere. _spheres of plasma, known as 'plasmoids', may also form along the z-pinch, or the path of discharge, itself, well above the actual surface material. _Like spherules created on the ground, such plasmoids can also be identified in the traditional lore of different cultures – abundantly so _but they may need to be formally distinguished from the spherules produced in Ransom's and Thornhill's laboratories.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2010/arch10/100601born.htm How Are Stars Born? Jun 01, 2010 _The stars are not hot, dense balls of hydrogen being crushed into helium and electromagnetic radiation by gravitational pressure. _Rather, they are isodense balls of plasma—a form of slow-motion lightning—with all the fusion taking place on the surface. _Since they are the same density throughout, with no superdense fusion cores, their mass estimates are most likely being seriously overstated by papers written from the consensus. _The Electric Universe definition of "plasma" is not the conventional one of "ionized gas." _It is that confused apprehension of plasma that falls back on ideas about gas behavior and thermal ionization. _"Plasma," as theorist Mel Acheson wrote, "is an emergent (i.e., higher-level or statistical-level) orderliness of complex electrical forces: such properties as filamentation, long-range attraction and short-range repulsion, braiding, characteristic velocities, formation and decay of plasmoids, and identity of properties at different scales." _Electric stars aren't begotten in nebular clouds, their progenitor is charge separation. [But charge separation occurs in nebular clouds.] _Everything we see in the Universe—99.99% to be more precise—is ionized to some degree, therefore it is plasma. _Positive ions and negative electrons move within plasma in ways not governed by gravity, although gravity might cause some heavy positive ions to create a charge surplus in one volume of space over another. _When that happens, a weak electric field develops. _An electric field, no matter how weak, will initiate an electric current that generates a magnetic field. _Those fields interact with the magnetic fields generated by other currents. _In images from space, as well as in high-speed photographs of plasma activity in the laboratory, those currents are seen to form twisted pairs of filaments, called Birkeland currents. _Birkeland currents follow magnetic field lines and draw charged material from their surroundings with a force 39 orders of magnitude greater than gravity. _Magnetic fields pinch the ultra-fine dust and plasma into heated blobs of matter called plasmoids. _As the effect, called a "z-pinch," increases, the electric field intensifies, further increasing the z-pinch. _The compressed blobs form spinning electrical discharges. _At first they glow as dim red dwarfs, then blazing yellow stars, and finally they might become brilliant ultraviolet arcs, driven by the electric currents that generated them.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2007/arch07/071009ngc4550~ Oct 09, 2007 NGC 4550: Galactic Bi-directionality _Although no one knows how electricity flows through galaxies, it seems apparent that it does. _In an electromagnetic field, induced by electric currents, particles with positive charges move in one direction and negative charges move in the other. _Plasmaspheres exist around all objects in space, whether they be comets or galaxies, and they exhibit longitudinal and latitudinal electron flux, regardless of the directionality. _In those circumstances, Birkeland currents begin to rotate, pinching themselves down into filaments. _The stars are thought to appear as compressions in the ions flowing through the coaxial Birkeland filaments. _The stars ignite as strings of pearls in complex new pinches. _Multiple directions of current flow could mean that stars form with their orbits independent of the gravitational effects exerted by the galaxy. _Their arc mode discharges could actually be shining along the filamentary sheets of Birkeland currents that energize the spiral arms of NGC 4550. _Thornhill [said] "Stars are formed efficiently in a cosmic plasma discharge known as a Z-pinch. _A Z-pinch electromagnetically scavenges diffuse matter over a large volume of space with a force that diminishes directly with distance, not the much weaker square of the distance due to gravity. _The Z-pinch forms a string of separate plasmoids, which become stars. _It is the Z-pinch effect that generates the intense winds seen coming from star forming regions. _As the discharge weakens and becomes unstable the stars are scattered like buckshot from their linear arrangement. _The initial linear configuration could explain why some nearby stars tend to have similar axial alignments to that of the Sun."
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2011/arch11/110707plasmoi~ Nebular Plasmoids Jul 07, 2011 _The Electric Universe theory presupposes plasma and magnetic fields forming electric stars through enormous, diffuse Birkeland currents that power the galaxy, preventing plasma from dispersing inside their light-years long helical coils. _When the electric current density inside the filaments gets high enough, the plasma that carries the current begins to glow and to "pinch" into plasmoids that might eventually become stars. _When electrical stress is low and the plasma contains a small concentration of dust, only the stars in a nebula "light up" in arc-mode discharge. _Where electrical stress is greater, as in NGC 1514, curling filaments, jets, and any surrounding "gas" clouds can also light up. _Of course, dust clouds can reflect the light from nearby stars, but NGC 1514 illustrates the characteristic filaments and cell-like behavior seen in plasma laboratory experiments. _The light in the nebula is produced by electrical discharge, so ultraviolet and X-rays can be generated by the intensity of its stellar arcs. _Any nebula could be thought of as a laboratory "gas-discharge tube," similar to a neon light, which emits light because the gas is electrically excited. _When plasma moves through a dust or gas, the cloud becomes ionized and electric currents flow. _The currents generate magnetic fields that confine themselves into coherent filaments known as Birkeland currents. _The charged particles that compose the currents spiral along the magnetic fields, appearing as electrical vortices. _The forces between these spinning Birkeland currents pull them close together and wind them around each other into "plasma ropes." _*Invisible electric sheaths can get "pumped" with energy from galactic Birkeland currents in which they are immersed. _Excess input power might also push them into "glow mode." _Nebulae are ignited with electric triggers.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2008/arch08/080124bostick~ Jan 24, 2008 Bostick's Plasmoids _Just over 50 years ago, plasma physicist Winston H. Bostick [] created a simple "plasma gun" consisting of a 4-inch diameter glass jar around which he wound a wire carrying an electric current that created a small magnetic field. _Most of the air was removed from the jar and two titanium wires were connected to a high-voltage, high-current electric power source. _On flicking the power switch, a 10,000 ampere electric current passed through the titanium wires, instantly vaporizing them and creating a puff of ionized gas (a plasma) travelling at 450,000 miles per hour. [This shows that electric currents disperse matter, rather than condensing it.] _Bostick noted that the puffs of plasma [called plasmoids] formed distinctive shapes that resembled galaxies at various stages of aging and formation. _Over the next thirty years, Bostick [] found that "not only the morphology (shape) but the controlling dynamic elements, electric and magnetic fields, are the same in the laboratory as in the galactic phenomena. _Bostick's theory describes galaxies as analogous to series-wound homopolar generators (a kind of motor) that convert gravitational energy of rotation into increasing magnetic energy that causes galaxies to expand away from each other. _Furthermore, Bostick suggested that such a model could produce a concentration of current perpendicular to the galactic disk that would be a cosmic-sized "plasma focus" – a device that produces high energy, relativistic (near the speed of light) particle beams, or jets.
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2010/arch10/100611winds.h~ Black Winds Jun 11, 2010 _[] Chandra X-ray Observatory reports, "strong winds" are racing outward from the core of NGC 1068 [] galaxy [] in [] Cetus. _The [wind] is ejected along a tangential trajectory at an average velocity of 1.6 million kilometers per hour [440 km/s]. _The hot gas possesses a spectrographic temperature reading of over 100,000 Celsius, 20 times hotter than the surface of the Sun. _No gas can remain intact at such temperatures because electrons will be stripped from the nuclei, causing it to change into the primal stock from which the Universe is made: plasma. _X-rays in space, no matter the source, are not created in gravity fields regardless of how strong they are theorized to be. _Charged particles (plasma) accelerated by electric currents spiral in the resulting magnetic fields and shine in all high energy frequencies, extreme ultraviolet, X-rays, and sometimes gamma rays. _In a galactic circuit, electric power flows inward along the spiral arms where it is concentrated and stored in the central plasmoid, or galactic bulge. _When it reaches a certain current density it discharges, usually out of the galaxy's spin axis as an energetic jet of plasma. _Laboratory experiments have replicated the phenomenon with a plasma focus device. _Electromagnetic forces confine those jets into thin filaments that remain coherent for thousands of light-years. _Chandra's observations of NGC 1068 indicate that material from the galactic core reaches more than 3000 light-years from its source, but that estimate could be off by a significant factor. _Jets usually end in double layer lobes that extend for many times the size of the galaxy and radiate copiously in radio frequencies. _The diffuse currents then flow toward the galaxy's equatorial plane and spiral back into its nucleus. _It is double layers in space plasmas that form most of the unusual structures we see. _Galactic jets, toroids, and glowing clouds are all examples of electricity flowing through dusty plasma confined within Birkeland currents that stretch across the light years.
Lloyd
Re: EU Theory Debate
Critical Ionization Velocity What's interesting to me about the following paper is that any element in space apparently becomes ionized at specific velocities that are rather low. Hydrogen ionizes at 51 km/s, helium at 31, and others at 13 and 6 km/s. If the CIV velocity is relative to space, then it must be an aether that ionizes them, I suppose. Combine this finding with the fact stated earlier here that nearly all gases and plasmas within galaxies exist within electric filaments in which ions and electrons are in bulk motion, and you can see how electric discharging can be widespread in galaxies. And it seems that they could easily tend to cascade from tiny discharges up to nebula-wide ones over various periods of time.
Observation of the CIV Effect in Interstellar Clouds: A Speculation on the Physical Mechanism for Their Existence http://www.plasmauniverse.info/downloads/Per.Ver.TPS00.pdf _A.L. Peratt and G.L. Verschuur _Observations of neutral hydrogen (HI) emission profiles produced by gas in the local interstellar medium are found to be characterized by four linewidth regimes. _Dominant and pervasive features have widths on average of 5.2, 13, and 31 km/s and a very broad component approximately 50 km/s wide. _A striking coincidence exists between these linewidths and the magnitudes of the critical ionization velocities of the most abundant atomic species in interstellar space: _[They are:] 6 km/s for sodium and calcium, 13 km/s for carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, 34 km/s for helium, and 51 km/s for hydrogen. _The data relate to observations near neutral hydrogen structures that are filamentary. _The concept of a critical ionization velocity (CIV) was first introduced by Alfv́en [1,2] for the study of plasma phenomena in the solar system. _If a neutral gas and magnetized plasma are in relative motion, a rapid ionization of the neutrals takes place if the kinetic energy of the neutrals relative to the plasma exceeds the ionization potential eV i of the neutrals. _This then defines a critical velocity for the neutral mass M V.cr =(2 eV i /M)^1/2 (1) above which the CIV ionization will take place. _This concept was used by Alfv́en to suggest that plasma and electromagnetic phenomena play a crucial role in the evolution of the solar system.
II. THE CIV PROCESS IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS _The ionization of neutral gas in laboratory experiments [3] verified that CIV exists and occurs at a threshold near or slightly above that predicted by Eq. 1. _However, it was discovered that the efficiency of the ionization derives often not from the direct collision of ions with neutrals nor with electrons with neutrals, but rather from a plasma instability leading to the transfer of energy from fast ions to background electrons. _The resultant distribution function is pseudo-Maxwellian at low energies with a high energy tail containing electrons of energy that exceeds that of the initial ion energy. _It is the high energy electrons within the tail E>eV i which then ionize the neutrals. _The instability found in the laboratory requires a magnetic field strength above a threshold, approximately requiring that the flow be subalfv́enic. _The process for generating an ionizing source of fast electrons begins with one of the most common instabilities in plasma, the two stream instability. _The modified two stream instability for cold ions and electrons in the linear approximation is an efficient mechanism leading to fast seed ions in a counterstreaming flow of electrons and ions. _1 The modified two-stream instability is driven by relative ion-electron drift across B. _For cold ions and electrons the linear dispersion relation is [5] ω^2 e sin 2Θ ω^2 + ω^2 e cos 2Θ ω^2 − Ω^2 e + ω^2 i (ω − kV cos Θ)^2 = 1 (2) _where ω e and ω i are the electron and ion plasma frequencies, respectively, Ω e is the electron gyrofrequency, k the wave vector, V the beam ion velocity, and Θ the angle between the wave vector and beam ion velocity. _The relevant angle is between the k and the magnetic field B. _We have studied the linear-nonlinear evolution of the two stream instability with the 2^-1/2 dimensional, fully electromagnetic particle in cell (PIC) code ISIS [6], even for high electron/ion mass ratios; e.g. Argon [7]. _A maximum in the growth rate is consistent with the theoretical prediction Θ ≈ (m/M)^1/2 and the electrons respond quite rapidly to the electric fields generated by the two-stream instability; _[And] the heating time of the electrons occur[s] generally in several tens of inverse plasma frequency periods. _The interplay of collisional versus collective processes in the ionization of neutrals, including charge exchange and line excitation, has been studied in depth [8]. _Three dimensional electromagnetic Monte Carlo PIC simulations of CIV experiments in space have been studied by Wang et al [9]. _The randomization and heating of the electrons due to CIV has been reported by Sherman [10,11] in laboratory experiments involving cross field E × B plasma sheath acceleration through a neutral gas background such as found in rail guns and plasma thrusters [12]. _Here the CIV effect limits the deuterium, helium, and argon propellant velocities while the heating adversely affects the electrode lifetimes.
III. THE CIV PROCESS IN INTERSTELLAR SPACE _If laboratory-like coaxial plasma discharges existed in space, explanation of the observed data would be straight-forward in terms of CIV. _However, no agreement has been reached as to whether CIV exists in the natural space environment, primarily based on the study of ionospheric barium releases [13]. _However, an effective means for producing CIV in interstellar space involves the cross-field equivalent in space called the Marklund convection mechanism (For a review, see [14]). _When an electric field is present in a plasma and has a component perpendicular to a magnetic field, radial inward convection of the charged particles is possible. _Under the influence of the E × B force, both the electrons and ions drift with the velocity v = E × B / B^2 (3) so that a portion of the plasma moves radially inward (Fig. 1). _*This mechanism provides a very efficient convection process for the accumulation of matter from plasma. _The material should form as a filamentary structure about the twisted flux tubes, the lines of which are commonly referred to as "magnetic ropes" because of their qualitative pattern (Fig. 2). _Magnetic ropes should tend to coincide with material filaments that have a higher density than the surroundings. 2 _*A stationary state occurs when the inward convection of ions and electrons toward the axis of a filament is matched by recombination and outward diffusion of neutralized plasma. _The equilibrium density of the ionized component normally has a maximum at the axis (Fig. 3). _However, because of the following mechanism, hollow cylinders, or modifications of hollow cylinders of matter, form about the flux tubes. _Because of the radiated loss of energy, the filaments cool and a temperature gradient is associated with the plasma. _As the radial transport depends on the ionization potential of the element, elements with the lowest ionization potentials are brought closest to axis. _The most abundant elements of cosmical plasma can be divided into groups of roughly equal ionization potentials as follows: He (24eV); H, O, N (13eV); C, S (11eV); and Fe, Si, Mg, Na, Ca (5-8eV). _These elements can be expected to form hollow cylinders whose radii increase with ionization potential. _Helium will make up the most widely distributed outer layer; hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen should make up the middle layers, while iron, silicon, and magnesium will make up the inner layers. _**In the classical Marklund picture, the production and diffusion of neutral gas is outwards from the plasma filament. _While the magnetic flux tubes themselves are not directly observable, relics of their existence in the interstellar medium would require both the existence of filamentary structures and a signature of the CIV process. _Hydrogen is the most pervasive atom in the universe and neutral hydrogen emission at 21-cm wavelength is easy to observe using radio telescopes. _It is seen in all directions in the Milky Way galaxy. _The other elements that are referred to in discussions of the CIV are also found in interstellar space but are less pervasive and can only be seen in absorption toward suitably bright stars. _The first criteria, that the interstellar medium show a filamentary morphology, was satisfied with the discovery of interstellar neutral hydrogen filaments from high resolution data from radiotelescope observations at high [galactic] latitude (Fig. 4). _The 100 μ emission from interstellar dust shown in Fig. 4 follows the pattern of HI data but allows greater resolution. _Application of the Carlqvist relation for Bennett pinched cosmic currents inferred that the data originated from electrical currents I z ≈ 1.4 × 10^13 A with circumferential magnetic fields Bφ of the order 5 microgauss [15]. _The Carlqvist relation is applicable to a range of plasma configurations, from force free to gravitationally balanced. _The second criteria, that CIV phenomena be associated with interstellar space, is the hypothesis of this paper. _The cross-field Marklund convection of electrons in the vicinity of a filament, both in the presence of the background plasma and neutral gas, initiates the two stream instability as the electrons flow through the background ions at velocity |vr| = Ez / Bφ, where Ez is the (longitudinal) component of the electric field within a filament. _Collective ion acceleration [16,17] is caused by the electrons pull on the ions in the convection flow, thus producing the fast ion beam that imparts its energy on the braking electrons in collisional and collective action. _**The ions, as do the neutrals, flow unimpeded by the presence of B. _**However, the electrons, deriving both from the background plasma as well as those newly formed from the neutral gas heated by the high-energy tail of the electron distribution function, tend to spiral about B. _This imparts a thermal plasma distribution with velocity components 3 in all three spatial directions to the neutral gas. _**The basic picture, albeit without the 3D electron motion explicitly included in the simulation, is the case studied numerically by Machida and Goertz [18] who investigated via a one-dimensional electrostatic PIC code the CIV process in high and low neutral particle densities. _**In their simulation both ions and neutrals were assumed to cross the magnetic flux lines transversely while the electrons spiraled around the lines. _**Included in their formulation was charge exchange, ion and electron elastic collisions, momentum coupling, electron impact neutral excitation and ionization, cross-field ion beam dynamics, electrostatic wave excitation, and finally, electron heating. _**Machida and Goertz found that ionization of the neutrals by the fast electrons proceeds effectively by forming a positive feedback loop until thermal saturation limited by the nonlinear energy budget occurs. _**It is this thermal signature which manifests itself in HI linewidth spectra. _Proof or disproof of the hypothesis, awaits the completion of a fully electromagnetic, fully three-dimensional PIC code that includes neutral elements, electron impact neutral excitation and ionization, charge exchange, ion and electron elastic collisions, and momentum coupling for the purpose of demonstrating the selective electron heating. _**One attribute, not studied, is the inclusion of magnetized ions. _In this way a qualitative study of the CIV phenomena can be quantitatively established with particle gyrofrequencies, ionization rates, Alfv́en velocity, neutral drift speeds and mean free paths, neutral and plasma densities, self-consistently matched to the inferred currents and fields estimated from the radiotelescope and satellite observations. _The most ubiquitous elements in the CIV process in the interstellar medium are H and He. _The former, designated band 1a in Table I [4], is that of the lightest element, hydrogen, and corresponds to the base state in the CIV process with a critical ionization velocity V.cr of 50.9 km/s. _This value infers a longitudinal electric field Ez of about 25 microvolts per meter when the interstellar filament current derived by Verschuur is used. _**Most of space, being either fully or partially ionized hydrogenic plasma, is susceptible to the CIV process at this velocity, provided a magnetic field is present, such as that produced by a field-aligned current or magnetic rope. _**When detectable in HI measurements, the major and most widespread CIV component is that of hydrogen with CIV band I (HI component 1a)(Fig. 5). _**However, He should be nearly as equally spatially distributed at CIV band I (HI component 1b) corresponding to V.cr ≈ 34.4 km/s. _**After the two CIV band I components, the CIV process then cascades towards ionizing increasingly heavier elements in the neutral background, if these heavy elements are present. _As discussed above, these must be progressively closer to the filamentary flux tube. _After CIV band I comes CIV band II with a mean critical velocity of 13.5 km/s. _Finally CIV band III should be observable at a mean critical velocity of 6.0 km/s for heavy elements. _As noted by Alfv́en, overlap between the individual layers should occur and these can be expected to crowd the individual thermal lines. _Additionally, because of the ordering, the HI linewidth spectra must show CIV band I, then band II, followed by band III. _It is important to note from Table I that all of the elements fall in one of three CIV bands with four delineable 4 HI thermal bandwidths, 1a, 1b, 2, and 3, from the thermal saturation mechanism discussed above (Fig. 5). _**Band III (HI component 3) is unique in that its region of occurrence must start to coincide with the Marklund pump action close in to a filament and should then be associated with the dusty plasma forming there. _**This is precisely what is seen in the HI emission measurements from interstellar filaments. _Neutral hydrogen emission line data can be presented in a variety of ways, each of which reveals some specific aspect of the physical processes that give rise to the emission. _In the early days of HI studies (the 1950s and early 1960s) it was common to report emission profile shapes (spectra) which were then discussed in broad terms, at best. _When contour mapping hardware and software came available in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a new trend emerged. _Maps of HI brightness as a function of velocity and position were published in large numbers. _That, in turn, led to the production of area maps of HI brightness or column density as a function of two spatial coordinates being published in catalog form. _Such area maps of HI properties are readily compared to photographs or other area representations of astronomical data, such as the brightness of infrared 100 μ or 60 μ emission from interstellar cirrus dust. _These allow extensive qualitative comparison between, for example, HI column density and 100 μ brightness in order to learn about the underlying physics of the regions in which HI and cirrus dust coexist. _Today many data bases containing HI survey profiles are stored as data cubes. _Slices across such cubes are extracted to plot brightness as a function of two spatial coordinates or one of space and one of velocity to suit a given project. _Alternatively, a profile at any given point in the cube may be displayed. _Previously, it was shown that the two broad linewidth components are widespread [19]. _A more extensive study has confirmed this [20] who report that Component 1a has a linewidth around 51 km/s while a second broad component 1b is typically 31 km/s wide (Fig. 3a). _Component 2 has a velocity approximately 13 km/s wide and is also widespead over the sky. _Component 3 includes narrow features from 2-6 km/s wide, with a mean around 5.2 km/s, and these are invariably superimposed on Component 2. _**Component 1 has linewidths ranging from 25 - 40 km/s and it occurs in every direction observed (Fig. 6(a)). _**Component 2 has a velocity approximately 12 km/s wide is also widespread over the sky. _Many directions were identified where these were the only two components in an emission profile. _**Component 3 includes narrow features from 2 - 6 km/s wide and these are invariably superimposed on Component 2. _**The narrow components are never found as isolated profiles away from the velocity of the broader features. _**In general, Component 3 appears associated with dust and sometimes molecular structures, but even this is not always so. _Figure 6(b) pertains to a sample of HI profiles for low column densities in 12 directions [21]. _A review of the emission between cool HI and dust is given in [15,22,23]. _**The data show that in directions of the sky where very little HI is seen a further distinction between a group of Gaussians with linewidths around 50 km/s (Component 1a) and those with linewidths around 30 km/s (Component 1b) may be made. _In most cases Component 1a is very difficult to identify, largely because its width is so great and 5 its brightness temperature so low (≈ 0.3 K). IV. CONCLUSION _In conclusion, a striking coincidence has been discovered between radiotelescope measurements of neutral hydrogen (HI) emission linewidths in the vicinity of interstellar neutral hydrogen filaments at high galactic latitudes and the critical ionization velocities of the most abundant atomic species in interstellar space, thereby revealing nature's signature of CIV
If you want to check on my progress, my working document is here: http://qdl.scs-inc.us/?top=8847. My one comment at this time is just that it's tough critiquing something, when there isn't a central statement of the position. I almost feel like I have to piece together their assertions, from a variety of sources, in order to critique them. I'm not actually sure what that's worth. I'm especially not sure who would really care. But I'll chink away at it anyway, in-between working on my own stuff.
