Proof That the Sun's Shape Is Not Due to an Anode Configuration, But to a Cathode One

We can also deduce the charge of the photosphere, and the relative strength of its charge compared to the underlying layer.

There are six possible configurations.

There are two possible stacking orders of charges (positive over negative, or negative over positive).

Then there are three variations for the relative strengths of the charges (top layer is stronger, underlying layer is stronger, or the charges are perfectly matched).

We can dismiss the possibility that the top layer has more charge, since the excess charge would simply drift away.

We can also dismiss the possibility that the charges are evenly matched.

In charged double-layers, the electric field between the layers is greatest at the boundary between them.

Moving away from the boundary, the field density diminishes, because of the increased distance from the opposite charge, and because of repulsion from like charges in the same layer.

Analogously, in a heavy element, the outer electrons are loosely bound, because of distance from the nucleus, and because of repulsion from electrons in inner shells.

The same is true of plasma double-layers.

The significance is that with equally matched charges in the solar double-layers, the density of the top layer would still relax gradually to nothing at some distance away [the density would decrease gradually, instead of abruptly].

So the distinct limb proves that the underlying charge [layer] has to be more powerful [than the top layer], and the top layer has only its densest component [?].

This leaves only two possible configurations, depending on the stacking order (positive over negative, or negative over positive).

First we'll consider that the underlying layer is positive.

If so, it would easily strip all of the excess electrons from the overlying [i.e. top] layer, as they would all be unbound at 6,000 K.

Neutral atoms left behind would form a gravitational gradient, tapering off to nothing at infinity.

So the underlying layer cannot be positive.

The only remaining possibility is that the underlying layer is negative.

As such, it will attract positive ions, and ionize neutral atoms to pull in the positive charges that it wants.

Excess electrons above such a layer will not shield it from our view, because free electrons are transparent.

Hence the distinct limb reveals the extent of a positive double-layer being held down tightly to a far stronger negative layer.

(Figure 6. Convective zone layers.)
(Red = negative; green = positive.)
(Dimensions are in Mm.)

Figure 6 depicts this charge configuration, with a positive charge on top, a negative layer below that, and another positive layer below that.