Proof That the Sun's Shape Is Not Due to Just One Layer of Surface Electric Charge

Since it's the only candidate, its presence need not be proved any other way.

We can then ask what configuration of the electric force would produce such a distinct edge.

We know that for the electric force to have that much influence, the top layer has to be charged.

We can also deduce with confidence that there has to be a strong field between it and an underlying layer.

If the Sun only had one charge (positive or negative), it would not have a distinct edge on the limb.

The Coulomb force would simply add to the hydrostatic pressure, somewhat more vigorously, and the density would thin out over a much greater distance.

Proof That the Sun's Shape Is Due to Compressive Ionization in a Deeper Layer

So there have to be at least two different charges in the Sun, and the charge of the visible surface has to be opposite from the charge of the layer below it.

The electric force then pulls the top layer downward, compacting it far beyond the expectations of the ideal gas laws.

Charged double-layers wouldn't seem possible, since hydrogen plasma at 6,000 K is an excellent conductor.

There are only two forces that can maintain a charge separation in the absence of any resistance whatsoever: the magnetic force, and compressive ionization.

We already ruled out the magnetic force, so compressive ionization is the only candidate.

At extreme pressures (easily achieved inside the Sun), atoms are forced closer together than their electron shells allow, resulting in the expulsion of the electrons.4

The free electrons congregate at a higher altitude, where the reduced density provides enough space between atoms to accommodate them.

The negative layer so produced might go on to induce a positive charge in the layer above it, which will likewise be a current-free double-layer, still in the absence of any resistance whatsoever.

The positive double-layer will be attracted to the negative layer, but repelled by the positive layer below that (i.e., the one created by compressive ionization), and all three will be stable in a PNP configuration.

Such layers created simply by induction can continue ad infinitum, though in spherical layers, the charge density relaxes [decreases?] with each inversion.

At some point away from the primary charge separation, the next induced double-layer will not be bound firmly enough to stay organized.

So we have deduced with confidence the following facts.

The electric force is responsible for the extreme density of the photosphere compared to the chromosphere.
· The photosphere is electrically charged.
· There is at least one other layer below it, with the opposite charge, supplying the force necessary to compress the photosphere beyond the expectations of the ideal gas laws.
· The primary charge separation is caused by compressive ionization, setting up the first two charged double-layers.

Additional layers might also [exist due to] induction [from adjacent layers].