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'16-01-31, 14:43
'16-01-31, 14:53
 
Lloyd
St. Louis area

Charles, do you have a formula for estimating the rate of heat loss in stars at various phases? And won't such a formula tell you how much time it will take for a star to go through each phase, including the rocky planet phase?*19038 You don't think rocky planets evolve into moons or asteroids, do you?*19039 And, likewise, do you have a similar formula for natural tokamaks? Would tokamaks lose heat, or how would they come to disintegrate? Or is it friction that slows down the electric current, which reduces the magnetic field, and leads to disintegration?*19040 I guess I should ask this in that section, but I don't know if I'll take the time to.

'16-02-01, 18:18
'16-02-01, 18:36
 
Lloyd
St. Louis area
Charles Chandler said:
Eventually, the star will have cooled to the point that the hydrogen and helium will no longer be ionized, and the electric fields will no longer be able to hold onto them. So the lighter elements will drift off, exposing the heavy-element core & atmosphere. The core will eventually freeze over, and then we'll call it a planet.
Wouldn't H & He be retained by the Sun's gravity, if the Sun cooled?*19043 Would red & brown dwarfs be as big as the Sun?*19045 Would flares be powerful enough to eject significant mass from cooler stars during each flare?*19046 Would a star's photosphere evolve into a gas giant's atmosphere? Or would it also evolve into the mantle & crust?*19048 You say the maximum size of a star (formed by a filament implosion?) should be 1.4 solar masses. Is there a minimum size as well? If .3 solar masses is the average, I assume that the minimum could be close to 0. In that case many planets could start out small. Right?*19050
'16-02-02, 17:45
'16-02-02, 17:47
 
Lloyd
St. Louis area

Does the graph mean that the Sun is 400 million years old?*18998

'16-02-03, 01:07
'16-02-03, 01:14
 
Charles Chandler
Baltimore, MD
 
 
Taken at face value, it means that the Sun cannot possibly be older than 400 million years, and that's assuming that it was born as a blue giant, with a surface temperature of 22,000 K. If it was born as a cooler star, which is rather likely, it would be younger than 400 million years. But I just began this analysis, and I have no idea how many things I've screwed up already. ;)
'16-02-03, 04:56
'16-02-03, 05:05
 
Lloyd
St. Louis area

At any rate, it's fun to see that you're working on ways to determine star ages. Since your model seems to be the best one around, I think you're likely to have a sound footing for making determinations.

Will you have time to discuss how to determine the ages of the continents and seafloors one of these days? The sedimentary rock strata seem to be the most important to determine. I'd like to discuss how many ways the strata could have been deposited and the likelihood of each one.

'16-02-03, 05:08
'16-02-03, 05:15
 
Lloyd
St. Louis area

Are you thinking that solar flares may be much stronger than you thought?*19051 I remember Michael Mozina had said he thought he could detect a lot more arc discharges in some of the satellite images of the Sun than are normally realized.

By the way, I thought you had said lately that the maximum size for a star should be about 1.4 solar masses. Do you actually think type O stars can be so much bigger?*19052

'16-02-03, 17:11
'16-02-03, 17:18
 
Lloyd
St. Louis area

I see you answered my question about type O stars in the 2nd paragraph of Results.

'16-02-04, 10:34
'16-02-08, 10:35
 
Charles Chandler
Baltimore, MD
 
Lloyd said:
Charles, do you have a formula for estimating the rate of heat loss in stars at various phases? And won't such a formula tell you how much time it will take for a star to go through each phase, including the rocky planet phase?
Thanks for asking — this has turned out to be an interesting investigation. As concerns the rocky planet phase, that would last just about forever — the radiative heat loss will continue until all of the heat is gone, but the rate diminishes. I guess I could let the code keep running until it got all of the way down to 300 K, to see how long it will take the Sun to cool down to the temperature of the Earth. That's going to be a big number. ;)
'16-02-04, 11:02
'16-02-08, 10:35
 
Charles Chandler
Baltimore, MD
 
Lloyd said:
You don't think rocky planets evolve into moons or asteroids, do you?
Well, Ceres appears to have "evolved" into the asteroid belt... ;) but I don't think that such is what you meant. ;) So no, I don't think that celestial bodies are undergoing any net mass loss or gain in the resting state.
'16-02-04, 11:12
'16-02-08, 10:37
 
Charles Chandler
Baltimore, MD
 
Lloyd said:
Wouldn't H & He be retained by the Sun's gravity, if the Sun cooled?
I'll have to check that — you might be right. The Earth's gravity isn't strong enough to hold onto hydrogen and helium, but the Sun's gravity is 28 g, so that might be enough.
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